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Abstrak :
Tesis ini membahas dinamika perjuangan Kongres Wanita Indonesia dalam memperjuangkan hak pilih perempuan Indonesia tahun 1928–1955. Hak pilih merupakan salah satu wacana yang menjadi bagian dari perjuangan perempuan Indonesia melalui Kongres Perempuan Indonesia (setelah kemerdekaan: Kongres Wanita Indonesia) sebagai wadah persatuan pergerakan perempuan Indonesia. Keterwakilan perempuan dalam badan-badan perwakilan di masa Hindia Belanda terhambat oleh praktik diskriminasi berbasis gender, ras, dan kelas yang diterapkan pemerintah kolonial terkait hak politik perempuan. Adapun di masa kemerdekaan, pemerintah Republik menjamin kesetaraan hak seluruh warga negara, termasuk hak pilih perempuan dalam pemilihan umum. Hal ini kemudian turut memengaruhi perubahan arah dan corak gerakan Kongres Wanita Indonesia dalam upaya menjamin hak suara perempuan dan keterwakilan perempuan dalam badan-badan representatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari 4 langkah, yaitu: (1) heuristik; (2) kritik/verifikasi; (3) interpretasi; (4) historiografi. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan sumber arsip dan surat kabar sezaman menunjukkan bahwa hak pilih perempuan Indonesia yang diperjuangkan melalui Kongres Perempuan Indonesia diperoleh setelah melalui perjuangan panjang serta diberikan bertahap oleh pemerintah kolonial. Adapun di masa kemerdekaan, upaya Kongres Wanita Indonesia terkait hak pilih perempuan diarahkan pada pengawalan langkah pemerintah terkait kesetaraan hak politik perempuan dan keterwakilan perempuan dalam proses politik, termasuk pemilihan umum. ......This thesis discusses the dynamics of the struggle of the Indonesian Women's Congress in fighting for Indonesian women's suffrage rights in 1928–1955. The right to vote is one of the discourses that became part of the Indonesian women's struggle through the Indonesian Women's Congress (after independence: the Indonesian Women's Congress) as a forum for the unity of the Indonesian women's movement. The representation of women in representative bodies during the Dutch East Indies era was hampered by the practice of discrimination based on gender, race, and class applied by the colonial government regarding women's political rights. During the independence period, the government of the Republic guaranteed equal rights for all citizens, including women's right to vote in general elections. This then contributed to changes in the direction and pattern of the Indonesian Women's Congress movement in the effort to guarantee women's voting rights and women's representation in representative bodies. This study uses historical research methods which consist of 4 steps, namely: (1) heuristics; (2) criticism/verification; (3) interpretation; (4) historiography. The results of research conducted using contemporary archival sources and newspapers show that the right to vote for Indonesian women, which was fought for through the Indonesian Women's Congress, was obtained after going through a long struggle and was granted gradually by the colonial government. As for the independence period, the efforts of the Indonesian Women's Congress regarding women's suffrage were directed at escorting government steps related to equality of women's political rights and representation of women in the political process, including general elections.

Abstrak :
Artikel ini menyelidiki peran penting pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda dalam menyediakan air bersih untuk wilayah Batavia antara tahun 1918 hingga 1930. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah, penelitian ini menganalisis langkah-langkah konkret yang diambil pemerintah kolonial dalam memperbaiki infrastruktur air di Batavia dan upaya mereka dalam mengatasi masalah ketersediaan air bersih. Analisis meliputi kebijakan, proyek konstruksi, dan peran institusi pemerintah dalam pengelolaan sumber daya air. Artikel ini juga bertujuan untuk memberikan wawasan tentang dampak kolonialisme terhadap infrastruktur dan pelayanan publik di wilayah jajahan Belanda, serta implikasinya terhadap masyarakat Batavia. Sumber yang digunakan mencakup surat kabar sezaman, majalah/laporan sezaman seperti Publicaties der Gemeente Batavia dan Verslag van Toestand der Gemeente Batavia, serta catatan rapat Gemeente Batavia, buku, dan artikel tentang pengelolaan air bersih di wilayah Batavia dari Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. Penelitian menemukan bahwa pembangunan perpipaan untuk Batavia tidak berlangsung cepat dan melibatkan berbagai diskusi, akuisisi, serta menghadapi hambatan dalam peremajaan pipa akibat kerusakan dan tunggakan pembayaran biaya air bersih oleh masyarakat. ......This article investigates the important role of the Dutch colonial government in providing clean water for the Batavia region between 1918 and 1930. Using a historical approach, this research analyzes the concrete steps taken by the colonial government in improving water infrastructure in Batavia and their efforts in overcoming the problem of availability. clean water. The analysis includes policies, construction projects, and the role of government institutions in water resources management. This article also aims to provide insight into the impact of colonialism on infrastructure and public services in the Dutch colony, as well as its implications for the people of Batavia. Sources used include contemporary newspapers, contemporary magazines/reports such as Publicaties der Gemeente Batavia and Verslag van Toestand der Gemeente Batavia, as well as Gemeente Batavia meeting notes, books and articles about clean water management in the Batavia region from the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia. Research found that the construction of pipes for Batavia did not proceed quickly and involved various discussions, acquisitions, and faced obstacles in renovating pipes due to damage and arrears in paying clean water fees by the community.