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"Keragaman 6 lokus enzim pada 3 populasi Dioscorea bulbifera telah diperiksa dengan memakai elektroforesis pati/poliakrilamid gel. Pada penelitian ini terdapat 3 lokus polimorfik dengan masing-masing 2 (dua) alel sehingga total 9 alel telah ditemukan pada seluruh populasi yang diperiksa. Keragaman alel lebih tinggi dalam populasi (Hs=0,08) dibanding antar populasi (Dst=0,04). Aliran gene sebesar 0,53 adalah memperlihatkan nilai yang tinggi akibat antar populasi hanya mengalami sedikit diferensiasi secara genetik. Hal ini didukung oleh perbedaan genetik antar populasi berkisar antara 0,028-0,129. Dari data isozim ini besar kecenderungan telah terjadi diferensiasi genetik antara populasi yang terdapat di sebelah Barat dan sebelah Timur Bukit Barisan.

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The variety of six enzymes locus on three populations of Dioscorea bulbifera was revealed using both starch and polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis. Present study showed three polymorphic loci has each 2 alleles with nine total numbers of alleles for all populations examined. The higher alleles variety detected within population (Hs=0,08) than among population (Dst=0,04). The high levels of gene flow (0.53) were due to low differentiation among population. This result supported low levels genetic variation among population examined. Alozime data revealed moderate differentiation genetically between Western and Eastern part population from Bukit Barisan edge."

"ABSTRAKGen Maturase-K (matK) merupakan gen yang terdapat pada kloroplas. matK digunakan sebagai penanda untuk melihat variasi genetik kakao Trinitario dan Forastero asal Indonesia dan introduksi. Sampel kakao yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah Sul-1, MCC-01, dan Pa-191 yang merupakan varietas Forastero serta HJ-5 dan PB-1 yang merupakan Trinitario. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan urutan basa nukleotida daerah matK pada kelima sampel berhasil diketahui dan terdapat perbedaan basa nukleotida daerah matK yang diamplifikasi dengan primer mac02 pada sampel Sul-1 dan Pa-191 dan dengan primer mac09 pada sampel PB-1. Data yang diperoleh dibentuk menjadi dendogram yang menunjukkan bahwa terjadi pengelompokkan antara kakao varietas Trinitario dan Forastero.

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ABSTRACTMaturase-K gene (matK) is a gene found in chloroplast. The matK used as a marker to determine genetic variation of Indonesian’s Trinitario and Forastero cacao and cacao’s introduced from England. Samples of cacao used in the study are Sul-1, MCC-01, and Pa-191 grouped as Forastero and HJ-5 and PB-1 grouped as Trinitario. The results of research showed that matK’s sequence of the five samples has successfully identified and there were variations in nucleotides sequence of matK which were amplified by mac02 primer on Sul-1 and Pa-191 and by mac09 primer on PB-1. Subsequently, the data obtained were formed into dendogram grouped between Trinitario and Forastero."

"ABSTRAKSweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum.This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation.Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Fiigari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The Ml plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed.The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the Ml generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400-500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800-1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200-300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants."

"Information on the variability and correlation between agronomic characters of mugbean accession with their yield are important for supporting breeding program of the plant....."

"Pendahuluan: Graves' disease merupakan etiologi dari hipertiroidisme yang paling sering ditemukan dan salah satu manifestasi klinis yang sering muncul adalah oftalmopati. Jalur persinyalan CD40-CD40L memiliki peranan yang penting dalam patogenesis penyakit autoimun, salah satunya adalah Graves' disease. Graves' disease melibatkan jalur persinyalan CD40-CD40L yang berperan pada proses diferensiasi, proliferasi, dan aktivasi sel B dewasa sebagai respons dari antigen yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis gen CD40L pada rs3092951, yang terletak pada 5' flanking region bagian promoter. Metode: Sampel berasal dari 60 penderita Graves' disease yang dianalisis dengan metode SSP-PCR untuk mengetahui variasi genetik dan metode ELISA untuk mengetahui kadar sCD40L. Hasil: Variasi genetik CD40L rs3092951 tidak berperan pada risiko kekambuhan dan derajat oftalmopati (p>0,05). Ditemukan perbedaan kadar sCD40L yang signifikan pada pasien kambuh dengan tidak kambuh (p<0,05) dan pada pasien dengan derajat oftalmopati (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kadar sCD40L terhadap risiko kekambuhan dan derajat oftalmopati pada penderita Graves' disease, hubungan yang signifikan tidak ditemukan pada variasi genetik gen CD40L rs3092951. Introduction: Graves disease is the most common etiology of hyperthyroidism. Graves' ophthalmopathy occurs in patients with hyperthyroidism and one of the most common clinical manifestations is ophthalmopathy. The CD40- CD40L signaling pathway play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, one of them is Graves' Disease. Graves' disease involves the CD40-CD40L signaling pathways which play a role in differentiation, proliferation, and activation of mature B cells in response to different antigen. This study analyzed the CD40L gene at rs3092951 which is located at the promoter of the 5' flanking region. Methods: Samples were taken from 60 Graves' disease patients analyzed by SSP-PCR method to determine the genetic variation and ELISA method to determine the levels of sCD40L. Results: Significant correlation was not found between genetic variation of CD40L rs3092951 with the risk of recurrence and the degree of ophthalmopathy (p>0.05). There is a significant difference in sCD40L levels in patients with recurrence and without recurrence (p <0.05) and in patients with degrees of ophthalmopathy (p<0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between the sCD40L levels with the risk of recurrence and the degree of ophthalmopathy, no significant correlation was found in genetic variation of CD40L rs3092951."

"Endometriosis adalah kelainan ginekologis yang dimanifestasikan dengan adanya kelenjar dan sel endometrium yang berkembang di luar uterus. Endometriosis merupakan penyakit multifaktorial dimana faktor genetik dan lingkungan berinteraksi menyebabkan timbulnya penyakit ini. Beberapa penelitian telah melaporkan bahwa endometriosis merupakan penyakit yang terkait dengan hormon estrogen. Mekanisme kerja estrogen ditentukan oleh kuantitas dan aktivitas reseptor estrogen. Namun demikian analisa variasi genetik, ekspresi dan aktivitas estrogen reseptor sampai saat ini belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa variasi genetik, ekspresi mRNA dan aktivasi ER pada jaringan endometriosis. Alel gen reseptor estrogen REα dan REβ dari 83 sampel penderita endometriosis dibandingkan dengan 76 kontrol menggunakan metoda PCR RFLP. Pengukuran ekspresi mRNA dari 18 jaringan penderita endometriosis dan 18 kontrol dilakukan dengan menggunakan metoda kuantitatif Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR). Pengukuran kadar estrogen serum (E2) dilakukan dengan metoda ELISA. Deteksi aktivasi ER dilakukan dengan uji fosforilasi reseptor estrogen β (serin 105) dengan metoda Western Blot. Hasil uji Chi-square ditemukan bahwa frekuensi alel A (normal) dan alel G (mutan) pada gen REα SNP rs9340799 dalam populasi berbeda bermakna (p=0,012) dan OR 1,772 dan kedua frekuensi alel dari hasil uji keseimbangan menurut Hardy-Weinberg berbeda bermakna (p = 0,003). Frekuensi alel (normal dan mutan) dalam populasi REα SNP rs2234693 tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna dan seimbang dalam populasi. Frekuensi genotip pada SNP REβ rs4986938 pada endometriosis dibandingkan kontrol berbeda bermakna (p=0,015) dan OR 0,311 dengan populasi seimbang. Menurut keseimbangan Hardy-Weinberg dan frekuensi alel normal G dan alel mutan A juga berbeda bermakna (p=0,034) dan OR =0,438. Hasil pengukuran ekspresi mRNA menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan ekspresi ERβ 49,52 kali disbanding kontrol sedangkan REα tidak menunjukkan perbedaan dibandingkan kontrol. Kadar estradiol serum (E2) fase proliferasi tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna dibanding kontrol. Hasil uji Spearman menunjukkan tidak ada korelasi kadar estradiol dengan ekspresi REα dan REβ (p>0,05). Fosforilasi ERβ pada Serin 105 menunjukkan penurunan pada kelompok endometriosis dibandingkan jaringan normal dengan perbandingan nilai intensitas pita yakni 0,1 pada endometriosis dan 4,2 pada kontrol. Sebagai kesimpulan, frekuensi alel A dan G gen REα berbeda bermakna pada SNP rs9340799 dan frekuensi alel di dalam populasi tidak seimbang. Distribusi genotip normal GG dan mutan AA serta frekuensi alel G dan alel A gen REβ berbeda bermakna pada SNP rs4986938. Ekspresi (mRNA) REβ lebih tinggi secara signifikans pada kelompok endometriosis dibandingkan kontrol. Ekspresi protein Fosforilasi ERβ pada Serin 105 menunjukkan penurunan pada endometriosis dibandingkan jaringan normal.

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Endometriosis is a gynecological disorder that is manifested by the presence of endometrium glands and cells that grow and develop outside the uterus. Endometriosis is a multifactorial with genetic and environmental factors interacting to cause this disease. Several studies have reported that endometriosis is a disease associated with the hormone estrogen. The mechanism of action of estrogen depends on the quantity and activity of estrogen receptors. However, genetic variation, expression and estrogen receptor activation in endometriois patients have not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to analyze genetic variation, ER expression and determine ER activation in endometriosis patients. This study determined the alleles of the estrogen receptor gene REα and REβ from 83 blood samples from endometriosis patients compared with 76 controls using the RFLP PCR method. Quatitative Real time PCR was used to analyze mRNA expression of REβ genes from 18 tissues with endometriosis and 18 controls. Measurement of serum estrogen (E2) levels was carried out using the ELISA method. Furthermore, the phosphorylation test of estrogen receptor (serin 105) was carried out using the Western Immunobloting method. The results of the Chi-square test found that the frequencies of the A (normal) allele and G (mutant) allele in the REα SNP gene rs9340799 in the population were significantly different (p=0.012) and OR 1.772 and the two allele frequencies from the results of the balance test according to Hardy-Weinberg were significantly different. (p = 0.003). Allele frequencies (normal and mutant) in the REα SNP population of rs2234693 did not show significant and balanced differences in the population. The genotype frequency of SNP REβ rs4986938 in endometriosis compared to control was significantly different (p=0.015) and OR 0.311 with a balanced population. According to the Hardy-Weinberg balance, the frequencies of the normal G allele and the mutant A allele were also significantly different (p=0.034) and OR=0.438. Erβ expression showed 49,52 folds increase compared to control (p=0.00), whereas ERα did not show a significat different compared to control. There was no different in serum estradiol (E2) levels compared to controls. The results of the Spearman test showed that there was no correlation between serum estradiol levels and the expression of REβ and REβ (p>0.05). Phosphorylation Ser105 of ERβ showed a decrease in the endometriosis group compared to control with a comparison of values ​​of 0.1 and 4 2. As a conclusion, The A and G allele frequencies of the RE gen gene were significantly different in SNP rs9340799 and the allele frequencies in the population were not balanced. The distribution of normal genotypes of GG and AA mutants and the frequency of G allele and A allele of REβ gene were significantly different at SNP rs4986938. REβ (mRNA) expression was significantly higher in the endometriosis group than the control group. Phosphorylated ERβ protein expression in Serin 105 showed a decrease in endometriosis compared to normal tissue."