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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan: Hiperglikemia dalam kehamilan ditemui pada 25% kehamilan di Asia Tenggara, dan jika tidak terkontrol dapat menimbulkan komplikasi serius. Hemoglobin glikat (HbA1c) merupakan penanda standar status glikemik, namun dapat meningkat palsu pada kehamilan lanjut. Albumin glikat sebagai indikator status glikemik baru yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh anemia dapat menjadi alternatif dalam kehamilan. Tujuan: Mengetahui penggunaan HbA1c dan albumin glikat pada kehamilan dengan status glikemik normal. Metode: Sampel darah diambil dari 60 ibu hamil dengan usia kehamilan 21-36 minggu. Dilakukan pemeriksaan HbA1c, Hb, MCV, MCH, RDW, albumin glikat, albumin, besi serum, glukosa darah, saturasi transferin, dan TIBC. Parameter-parameter tersebut dibandingkan antara empat kelompok usia kehamilan (I: 21-24 minggu, n=17; II: 25-28 minggu, n=16; III: 29-32 minggu, n=16; dan IV: 33-36 minggu, n=11) menggunakan uji ANOVA atau Kruskal-Wallis dengan uji post-hoc. Hasil: Kadar albumin glikat tidak berbeda bermakna antara keempat kelompok (p=0.061). Kadar HbA1c lebih tinggi pada kelompok IV (4.59 ±0.28 %) daripada kelompok I (4.24 ± 0.27%, p=0.009). Kadar Hb kelompok II {10.9 (7.9 ? 11.6) g/dL} lebih rendah dibandingkan III (11.68 ± 0.84 g/dL, p=0.004) dan IV (11.74 ± 0.66 g/dL, p=0.001). Kadar albumin pada kelompok IV (3.59 ± 0.22 g/dL) lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok I (3.82 ± 0.19 g/dL, p=0.006). Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna MCV, MCH, RDW-CV, besi serum, TIBC, dan saturasi transferin antar kelompok usia kehamilan (semua p>0.05) Kesimpulan: Kadar HbA1c berbeda menurut usia kehamilan, sedangkan pemeriksaan albumin glikat tidak terpengaruh dengan usia kehamilan. Albumin glikat dapat menjadi penanda status glikemik pada usia kehamilan 21-36 minggu.

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ABSTRACT
Introduction: Hyperglycemia during pregnancy is found in 25% of pregnancy in Southeast Asia, and when uncontrolled may cause serious complications. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a standard indicator for glycemic status, but can show false increase during late pregnancy. Glycated albumin, a new glycemic status indicator which is unaffected by anemia, may be an alternative for pregnancy. Purpose: To examine the usefulness of HbA1c and glycated albumin during pregnancy with normal glycemic status. Method: Blood samples were taken from 60 pregnant women between 21-36 weeks of pregnancy. Tests were done for HbA1c, Hb, MCV, MCH, RDW, glycated albumin, albumin, serum iron, blood glucose, transferrin saturation, and TIBC. These parameters were compared among four groups of age of pregnancy (I: 21-24 weeks, n=17; II: 25-28 weeks, n=16; III: 29-32 weeks, n=16; and IV: 33-36 weeks, n=11) using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc tests. Results: Glycated albumin was not statistically different among the groups (p=0.061). HbA1c level was higher in group IV (4.59 ± 0.28%) compared to group I (4.24 ± 0.27%, p=0.009). Hb level of group II {10.9 (7.9 ? 11.6) g/dL} was lower than group III (11.68 ± 0.84 g/dL, p=0.004) and IV (11.74 ± 0.66 g/dL, p=0.001). Albumin level of group IV (3.59 ± 0.22 g/dL) was lower than group I (3.82 ± 0.19 g/dL, p=0.006). No statistically significant difference was found for MCV, MCH, RDW-CV, serum iron, TIBC, and transferin saturation among pregnancy age groups (all p>0.05) Conclusion: HbA1c was different with different pregnancy age, but glycated albumin was not affected by pregnancy age. Therefore glycated albumin may be used as glycemic status indicator during pregnancy age of 21-36 weeks.

Abstrak :
International Diabetes Federation IDF pada tahun 2014 menyatakan penyandang DM yang berusia 20 -79 tahun sejumlah 8 dari seluruh penduduk Indonesia. Jali merupakan tumbuhan serealia yang mengandung 24,9 gram fruktooligosakarida dari setiap 100 gram bijinya. Perpaduan satu porsi yogurt jali yang terdiri dari 100 ml yogurt, mengandung probiotik Lactobacillus acidophilus dan Bifidobacterium masing masing sebesar 109cfu/mL, dicampur dengan 25 g jali rebus dapat menurunkan inflamasi epitel usus yang ditandai dengan penurunan kadar Calprotectine CP feses, meningkatkan kadar Glucagon Like Peptide-1 GLP-1 dan menurunkan resistensi insulin yang berperan dalam mengontrol kadar glukosa darah. Penelitian ini menggunakan randomized controlled trial parallel group study, untuk menilai pengaruh pemberian yogurt dan yogurt jali selama 12 minggu pada 60 subjek penyandang DM tipe2 masing-masing sebanyak 30 subjek pada kelompok yogurt dan yogurt jali. Didapatkan penurunan rerata BB p.

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Background: International Diabetes Federation IDF in 2014 reported that diabetes mellitus prevalence in Indonesia were 8. Job`s tears is a cereal containing 24.9 grams of fructooligosaccharide per 100 grams of dry seed. The combination of one serving of yogurt with Job`s tears composed from 100 ml yogurt, containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium probiotics of 109cfu / mL each, mixed with 25 g of boiled Job`s tears could decrease the inflammation of the intestinal epithelium, decrease the oxidative stress and insulin resistance that will play a role in controlling blood glucose. Method: This study used randomized controlled trial parallel group study to evaluate the effect of yogurt and yogurt with Job`s tears on FBG, GLP-1, CP and body weight in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The subjects in this study were 60 employees of Atma Jaya Jakarta with randomization block, each of 30 subjects in intervention yogurt with Job`s tears and control yogurt only groups. Result: A reduced body weight p.

Abstrak :
Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 merupakan sekumpulan gangguan metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia. Komplikasi klinis akibat DM berkolerasi dengan status glikemik, sehingga diperlukan upaya pengontrolan status glikemik pasien DM, baik jangka pendek, jangka menengah maupun jangka panjang untuk mencegah atau mengurangi komplikasi progresif akibat penyakit tersebut. Parameter laboratorium untuk pemantauan status glikemik meliputi kadar glukosa darah harian, HbA1c, dan albumin glikat (AG). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG pada pasien DM tipe 2 tidak terkontrol, mendapatkan korelasi antara kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG, juga melihat penurunan kadar HbA1c dan AG sesudah terapi 1 dan 3 bulan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain studi diagnostik, yang melibatkan 32 subyek penelitian yang diikuti selama 3 bulan mulai bulan Februari hingga Mei 2014. Diagnosis DM tipe 2 ditegakkan oleh dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam dan diagnosis DM tipe 2 tidak terkontrol didapatkan dari hasil pemeriksaan HbA1c > 7 %. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan rerata (SD) kadar glukosa darah puasa bulan ke-0, ke-1, dan ke-3 berturut-turut sebesar 170,5(51,6) mg/dL; 162,7(54,6) mg/dL, dan 147,3(45,9) mg/dL. Median (rentang) kadar glukosa darah 2 jam postprandial l(G2PP) bulan ke-0 dan ke-1 sebesar 220 mg/dL (90-544) mg/dL dan 191,5 mg/dL (114-468) mg/dL; rerata(SD) kadar G2PP bulan ke-3 sebesar 201(65,98) mg/dL. Korelasi antara kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG adalah : pada bulan ke-0, r=0,79, p<0,001, bulan ke-1 r=0,74, p<0,001 dan bulan ke-3 r=0,78, p<0,001. Penurunan kadar HbA1c dari baseline (delta-1) dan pada bulan ke-3 (delta-3) adalah median (rentang) delta-1 sebesar 0,43% (0,35-0,74)%, p<0,001 dan median (rentang) delta-3 sebesar 0,89% (0,64-2,30)%, p<0,001. Penurunan kadar AG bulan ke-1 dari baseline (delta-1) dan pada bulan ke-3 (delta-3): median (rentang) delta-1 sebesar 0,94% (0,48-1,64)%, p<0,001, dan median (rentang) delta-3 sebesar 1,79% (0,33-1,40)%, p<0,001. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat korelasi positif bermakna antara kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG pada bulan ke-0, ke-1, dan ke-3, dengan kekuatan korelasi kuat (r = 0.7-0.8), selain itu terdapat penurunan kadar HbA1c dan AG yang bermakna sesudah terapi 1 dan 3 bulan. ......Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a group of metabolic disorders with hyperglycemic characteristic. Clinical complications of DM correlate with glycemic state, therefore it is necessary to make an effort to control DM glycemic state, in short-, medium-, and long-term to prevent or minimize progressive complications due to the disease. Laboratory parameters to monitor glycemic state include daily blood glucose, HbA1c, and glycated albumin (GA). This study aimed to obtain HbA1c and GA levels in uncontrolled type 2 DM patients, the correlations between HbA1c and GA levels, and also the decrease in HbA1c and GA levels after 1 month and 3 months treatment. This was a diagnostic study involving 32 subjects that were followed for 3 months from February to May 2014. Type 2 DM was diagnosed by the internist in the Department of Internal Medicine and the uncontrolled type 2 DM was confirmed by HbA1c measurement of > 7%. The results showed that mean (SD) fasting blood glucose levels at baseline, 1 month and 3 months were 170.5 (51.6) mg/dL; 162.7 (54.6) mg/dL, and 147.3(45.9) mg/dL, respectively. Median (range) 2 hours postprandial blood glucose levels at baseline and 1 month respectively, were 220 mg/dL (90-544) mg/dL and 191.5 mg/dL, respectively, and mean (SD) at 3 months was 201,7 (65,98) mg/dL. Correlations between HbA1c and GA levels : at baseline r =0.79, p<0.001, at 1 month r=0.74, p<0.001 and at 3 months r=0.78, p<0.001. Decreases of HbA1c level from baseline, at 1 month (delta-1) and at 3 months (delta-3) : median (range) delta-1was 0.43% (0.35-0.74)%, p<0.001 and median (range) delta-3 was 0.89% (0.64-2.30)%, p<0.001. Decreases of GA level from baseline, at 1 month (delta-1) and at 3 months (delta-3) : median (range) delta-1 was 0.94%(0.48-1.64)%, p<0.001, and median (range) delta-3 was 1.79%(0.33-1.40)%, p<0.001. We concluded that there were significant positive correlations between HbA1c and GA levels at baseline,1 month and 3 months, with strong correlations (r=0.7-0.8). In addition, there were also significant decreases in HbA1c and GA levels from baseline at 1 month and 3 months therapy.