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Abstrak :

Indonesia melaksanakan pemilihan presiden dan wakil presiden (pilpres) secara langsung yang kedua pada tahun 2009. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) terpilih kembali sebagai presiden dalam 1 (satu) putaran dengan perolehan suara signifikan sebesar 60.80%. Presiden yang bisa mengikuti pilpres kembali, memiliki keunggulan dapat meningkatkan probabilita keterpilihan pada pilpres selanjutnya melalui alokasi belanja pemerintah saat menjabat. Tujuan incumbent mengalokasikan belanja pemerintah adalah untuk meyakinkan voters agar berpihak kepadanya pada pilpres selanjutnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan data dari Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) dan Kementerian Keuangan untuk melihat efektivitas belanja pemerintah pada perilaku voters saat  pilpres di level Kab/Kota.  Penelitian ini mengkonfirmasi belanja pemerintah dan capaian kinerja incumbent saat menjabat merupakan pendukung kemenangan SBY pada pilpres periode selanjutnya.

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The 2009 presidential election was the second direct presidential election of Indonesia. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) was inaugurated as President for second term by significant vote of 60.80%. President who can run on the next presidential election, has the advantage to use government spending to increase his vote. This study uses data from General Election Commission (KPU) and Ministry of Finance to investigate the effectiveness of government spending on voter behaviour at disctrict level. Our study confirmed that previous period government spending and performance outcome of incumbent were factors that played important role on SBY’s victory.

Abstrak :
Labor is part of the population that is capable of doing the work to produce goods and services. Therefore. workers need to be empowered optimally in order to drive the economic process. According to keynes.one of the efforts that can be done is fiscal policy by increasing government spending leading to a reduction in unemployment. However in west java this expectation was not realized. West java has a large goverment spending, but its labor absorption is not high. It is shown from the percentage of the working population of the labor forc in west java in 2012 remained blow national. This study determines the effect of government education, health and infrastructure expenditures on economic growth and employment in west java. The recursive equation model is employed, showing that education and infrasturcture spending have positive effect on economic grawth and employment. Health expenditure prove to be insignificant. In addition in west java, economic growth has positive effect on employment.

Abstrak :
Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji apakah pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dikategorikan sebagai pro-poor growth (berpihak kepada orang miskin). Thesis ini akan dianalisis melalui bagaimana mekanisme pertumbuhan ekonomi mempengaruhi kemiskinan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel yang disusun dengan data pada tingkat provinsi untuk periode 2004 – 2010. Selanjutnya, data panel tersebut dipergunakan untuk mengestimasi model ekonometrik yang memungkinkan kita mengetahui dampak dari pertumbuhan ekonomi, ketimpangan, pengeluaran pemerintah, dan kemampuan fiskal pada tingkat kemiskinan. Adapun variabel kontrol terdiri dari koefisien Gini, Per Kapita Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB per kapita), pengeluaran pemerintah, dan sumber pendapatan sendiri. Hasil penelitian ini memiliki implikasi pada kebijakan pemerintah. Pertama, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi yang baik ternyata dapat menanggulangi kemiskinan. Dengan demikian, Pemerintah harus memformulasikan kebijakan yang dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berpihakak pada masyarakat miskin. Selain itu, bukti empiris menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kemiskinan lebih responsif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dari pada distribusi pendapatan (gini ratio). Kedua, pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi sangat bervariasi. Belanja pemerintah untuk pendidikan dan kesehatan memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan melalui ketidaksetaraan pendapatan berkurang, sedangkan belanja publik pada perlindungan sosial tidak signifikan berkontribusi dalam mengurangi angka kemiskinan. Selanjutnya, kemampuan fiskal di masing-masing provinsi sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan pengentasan kemiskinan di wilayhanya. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi diperlukan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas penanggulangan kemiskinan. Selain itu, untuk mempercepat pengurangan kemiskinan di Indonesia, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan juga harus didukung melalui investasi sumber daya manusia, serta merancang dan menerapkan program pengurangan kemiskinan yang berpihak pada masyarakat miskin. Untuk kasus Indonesia, pertumbuhan ekonomi selama periode 2004-2010 dapat disimpulkan sebagai pro-poor growth. ......The main purpose of this study is to examine whether economic growth in Indonesia is categorised as pro-poor growth. It will be analysed through how economic growth affects poverty. To address this research, we will conduct the study using panel data. It consists of province-level data from 2004 - 2010 to estimate an econometric model that allows us to know the impact of economic growth, inequality, government spending, and fiscal capability on poverty rate. Therefore, the set of control variables consists of the Gini coefficient, per capita Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), government spending, and own income resources. The estimated results of this study have important policy implications. First, the finding shows that economic growth is good to enhance poverty reduction; government therefore should consider to rising up economic growth benefiting for the poor. In addition, empirical evidence suggests that the poverty headcount ratio in Indonesia is more responsive on economic growth than on income distribution. Second, the effect of government expenditures varies for different type of spending. Government spending on education and health has significant impact on poverty alleviation through reduced income inequality; while public expenditure on social protection is insignificantly contribute to decrease poverty rate. Finally, the fiscal capability in each province is required to enhance poverty eradication. Further, economic growth is needed to enhance the effectiveness of poverty reduction. Moreover, sustained growth should be accompanied by encouraging in human capital investment to accelerate poverty reduction. In addition, designing and implementing pro poor poverty reduction program should be done to accelerate poverty alleviation. Finally, this result suggests that economic growth during period 2004-2010 in Indonesia can be concluded as pro-poor growth

Abstrak :
Pemerintah daerah di Indonesia memiliki ketergantungan yang tinggi pada dana transfer dari pemerintah pusat. Untuk memahami isu ini, banyak penelitian yang telah dilakukan untuk memahami dampak dana transfer terhadap perilaku belanja pemerintah daerah. Namun, penelitian yang sudah ada hanya fokus pada dampak dari realisasi dana transfer. Studi ini menguji secara empiris pengaruh ekspektasi transfer terhadap perilaku belanja pemerintah daerah. Analisis empiris ini menggunakan seperangkat variabel ekonomi dan politik sebagai proxy ekspektasi transfer di 426 pemerintah daerah di Indonesia sepanjang 2009-2018. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa alokasi dana transfer, meskipun telah diatur secara formal oleh Peraturan Pemerintah, dipengaruhi oleh faktor ekonomi dan politik di luar formula. Penelitian ini juga mengonfirmasi bahwa ekspektasi transfer merupakan faktor yang relevan dalam memengaruhi belanja pemerintah daerah. Peningkatan ekspektasi transfer berasosiasi dengan meningkatnya belanja pemerintah daerah pada seluruh jenis dan fungsi. Pemerintah daerah yang berekspektasi mengalami kenaikan transfer cenderung memiliki tingkat belanja yang lebih tinggi. ...... Fiscal decentralization in Indonesia is characterized by high dependency of local governments on transfer funds from the central government as a source of revenue. In order to understand the behavior of local governments in spending transfer funds, a substantial amount of work has been done to estimate the impact of transfer funds on local government spending. However, existing research has so far only focused on the impact of the realization transfer funds. This study examines empirically the role of transfer expectation in affecting local government spending behavior. The empirical analysis employs a set of political and economic variables to proxy transfer expectations in 426 local governments in Indonesia across 2009-2018. This research found that transfer allocation, even when enshrined in a law, appear to be influenced by economic dan political factors beyond the formula. The analysis also confirms that transfer expectations are relevant determinant of local government spending. Our findings suggest that an increase in expected transfers is associated with increase in local government spending across type and functions. Local governments expecting a higher level of transfer tend to react with a higher level of expenditure.

Abstrak :
Abstract This study aims to determine the relationship between local government spending, agricultural productivity, and poverty in Indonesia for the period of 2005-2008. Using econometric models of the panel and panelsimultaneous, this study find the evidence that local government spending on infrastructure and education significantly affect agricultural productivity and poverty. The study also found that the value of multiplier effect of local government spending on poverty, roads is the largest, followed by education (the literacy rate) and irrigation.

Abstrak :
The government has a contribution to ensuring the stability of economic growth. The existence of regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization gives the authority to develop their regions independently by utilizing their potential. In 2020, Maluku Utara's economic growth grew by 4.92 percent, the value tends to be stable, but the contribution to the national economy is very slight. From a fiscal perspective, a component that determines the economic direction is government spending. However, Maluku Utara's government spending tends to be weak and fluctuating. The condition indicates that the relationship between government spending and economic growth is inconsistent. Several objectives were set to provide an overview of the economic structure, analyze the impact of government spending on the output and value-added of the economic sector, and identify government spending by the function that affects economic growth in Maluku Utara. This study uses the I-O table impact analysis and panel data regression analysis. Based on the impact analysis of the I-O table, capital spending has the most output impact and added value in the construction sector. Meanwhile, government consumption and total government spending impact the Government Administration sectors most. Then, from the panel data regression analysis results, three variables have a significant influence, namely spending by function on economics, education, and health. However, there is an anomaly in the government spending on the economy with a negative effect of 0.003190. That indicates the items allocated to government spending by function on economics in Maluku Utara are ineffective.

Abstrak :
Menggunakan panel data dari 33 provinsi di Indonesia selama 10 tahun, antara tahun 2006 s.d 2015, penelitian ini mengkaji dampak tidak langsung dari anggaran belanja pemerintah di bidang pertanian, total anggaran belanja pemerintah per PDRB, dan anggaran belanja pemerintah di sektor publik terhadap deforestasi. Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara anggaran belanja pemerintah dan deforestasi dengan menggunakan system generalized method of moment estimation (GMM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dampak tidak langsung dari peningkatan belanja pemerintah, yaitu adanya peningkatan konversi lahan dari hutan untuk pertanian. Peningkatan anggaran belanja pemerintah di bidang pertanian dan total anggaran belanja pemerintah per PDRB berkontribusi secara positif dan signifikan terhadap deforestasi. Sedangkan anggaran belanja pemerintah untuk publik sektor tidak memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap deforestasi.

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Using balanced panel data from 33 provinces in Indonesia and covering a ten-year period between 2006 and 2015, this study examines the indirect effects of government spending on agriculture, total government spending over GRDP, and public spending on land use conversion. Applying the system generalized method of moment estimation (GMM) technique, this research investigates relationship between government spending and forest land clearing. The result shows that there is an indirect impact from increasing government spending: there is an increase in the total amount of land use conversion from forest to agriculture in Indonesia. This study points out that an increase in government spending on agriculture and total government spending over GRDP have a significant positive impact on deforestation. Meanwhile, public spending has no significant effect on forest clearance.

Abstrak :
Pembangunan di Indonesia yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan perekonomian memiliki makna yang lebih mendalam, yaitu mencapai masyarakat Indonesia yang Adil, Makmur dan Sejahtera. Namun, tingginya rerata prevalensi stunting sebesar 36.4% pada periode tahun 2005 - 2017 (Child Stunting Data Visualization Dashboard, WHO, 2019) membayangi terwujudnya tujuan tersebut. Stunting disebabkan oleh multifaktor, salah satunya ketersediaan akses air minum dan sanitasi. Pembiayaan peningkatan akses sanitasi dan air minum di daerah  dapat dilihat dari belanja pemerintah daerah untuk bidang tersebut. Pada studi ini penulis bermaksud untuk menghitung efektivitas belanja daerah bidang sanitasi dan air minum terhadap penurunan angka stunting di Kabupaten Gianyar dan Kabupaten Nias Utara. Studi diawali dengan menggunakan metode regresi linear berganda untuk mengidentifikasi dampak akses sanitasi dan air minum terhadap stunting, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan mencari rasio efektivitas biaya untuk mengidentifikasi efektivitas belanja daerah terhadap penurunan stunting. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa  efektivitas belanja bidang sanitasi dan air minum untuk mengurangi stunting di Kabupaten Gianyar lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan Kabupaten Nias Utara. Di Kabupaten Gianyar sendiri efektivitas belanja bidang air minum lebih efektif dalam mengurangi stunting dibandingkan dengan belanja bidang sanitasi. Namun, di Kabupaten Nias Utara terjadi hal yang sebaliknya.

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Development in Indonesia which aims to improve the economy has a deeper meaning, which is to reach justice, prosperous society. However, the high stunting prevalence rate of 36.4% in the period 2005 - 2017 (Child Stunting Data Visualization Dashboard, WHO, 2019) overshadows the realization of these objectives. Stunting is caused by multifactor, one of them is the availability of water and sanitation access. The cost for increasing sanitation and water access in regions can be reflected from local government spending on this sector. In this study, the authors intend to calculate the effectiveness of regional spending on sanitation and water to reduce stunting rates in Gianyar and North Nias regency. The study begins by using multiple linear regression methods to identify the impact of sanitation and water access on stunting, then proceed with finding the cost-effectiveness ratio to identify the effectiveness of regional spending on stunting reduction. The results revealed that the effectiveness of spending on sanitation and water in Gianyar Regency is more effective compared to North Nias Regency in reducing stunting rates. In Gianyar Regency itself, the effectiveness of spending on water is more effective in reducing stunting compared to spending on sanitation. However, the opposite happened in North Nias Regency.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Income inequality in indonesia has rapidly enlarged in recent years. this paper aims to examine the causes of highly persistent income inequality in indonesia. in contrast to other previous studies that investigated income inequality focusing only on economic factors, this paper also looks at social and political elements. using ordinary least square (ols) method., i found that democracy has no signifant impact on income inequality. in addition, the study found a significant relationship between government spending and income inequality. in addition, i also found evidence that foreign direct investment (fdi) flows have an impact to improve income inequality in indonesia. there are several relevant policy conclusions that can be drawn from this study.