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"The book addresses one of the key controversies in teaching foreign language grammar, which is the utility of production-oriented instruction, as exemplified in the PPP sequence, and comprehension-based teaching, as implemented in interpretation tasks and processing instruction. It provides a thorough overview of issues related to learning and teaching grammar, with a particular focus on input-oriented approaches, and reports the findings of four studies which sought to compare their effects with instruction based on different forms of output practice. The findings serve as a basis for guidelines on how the two options can be successfully combined in the classroom."

"This research aims at describing and explaining Japanese relative clause syntactically and semantically in scientific and literary style. The relative clauses are analyzed based on sentence context. Therefore, we can have a comprehensive description of structure and type of relative clauses. The corpus of this research derives from the text books and a novel. The text books used are Nihon Shakai Saiko: Japanese an Update, written by Mizue Sasaki and Masarni Kadokura in 1991 and Nihon Jija Shiriizu: Nihonjin no Issho written by Shuichi Saito in 1980. The novel entitled Kitchen by Banana Yoshimoto written in 1991 is also used in this research. The writer uses recording technique in collecting data which are then analyzed based on embedding technique. Data analysis is classified into two groups: (1) the structure of relative clause and (2) the type of relative clauses. The structure of relative clause consists of patterns of relative clause, noun phrase as a head, and relative markers. The types of relative clause consist of type of relative clauses based on the presence/absence of "case relation" and the types of relative clause based on their functions.Analysis result indicates that relative clause patterns consist of five patterns. Namely (1) NPI wa/ga + NP2 + Copula, (2) NP wa/ga + AP, (3) NP wa/ga + VP, (4) NPI wa/ga + NP2 o + VP, and (5) NPI wa + NP2 ga + VP. Noun phrases which can be modified by relative clauses are NP functioning as subject, object, complement, adverb, and predicate in the matrix clause. Then, relative markers which indicate the relation between relative clauses and noun phrases can be grouped into (I) zero relative marker, (2) to iu relative marker, and (3) optional relative marker. The use of relative markers is determined by semantic feature of noun phrase. Based on analysis we can find two types of relative clauses based on the presence/the absence of case relation", namely, internally headed and externally headed relative clause, whereas the result based on the function is divided into two types: defining and non-defining relative clause."

"This book offers a new and in-depth analysis of English conditional sentences."

"Penelitian ini secara umum bertujuan memperoleh gambaran penggunaan urutan kata verba frasal yang dapat dipisah pada ragam tulis laras jurnalistik bahasa Inggris yang dikaitkan dengan faktor panjang objek nomina, objek pronomina, dan makna idiomatis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif yang juga menggunakan data kuantitatif. Penggunaan data kuantitatif diperoleh dengan menngubah data kualitatif menjadi data dalant bentuk angka.Ragam tulis laras jurnalistik bahasa Inggris yang dijadikan somber data adalah majalah Time dan majalah Newsweek. yang terbit pada tahun 2007. Setiap majalah secara acak diambil sebelas penerbitan. Dengan demikian, dari dua majalah tersebut diperoleh dua puluh dua penerbitan. Jumlah penerbitan tersebut merupakan 21,56% dari seluruh penerbitan pada tahun 2007. Dari jumlah tersebut diperoleh 148 verba frasal yang dapat dipisah, dengan rincian 122 verba frasal berobjek nomina, dan 26 verba frasal berobjek pronomina.Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara panjang objek nomina dengan posisi penempatannya dalam urutan kata verba frasal yang dapat dipisah pada ragam tulis bahasa Inggris. Objek nomina dengan panjang satu sampai empat kata dapat menempati dua posisi, yaitu posisi akhir dan posisi tengah- Posisi akhir ialaht posisi objek di belakang adverbia dan posisi tengah ialah posisi objek di antara verba dan adverbia. Objek nomina ditempatkan pada posisi akhir jika objek tersebut menjadi bagian klausa atau kalimat yang memperoleh fokus. Objek nomina ditempatkan di tengah jika objek tersebut tidak memperoleh fokus. Objek nomina dengan panjang lebih dari empat kata hanya dapat menempati satu posisi, yaitu posisi akhir. Sementara itu. ojek pronomina tidak selalu ditempatkan pada posisi tengah. Dengan kata lain, objek pronomina juga dapat ditempatkan pada posisi akhir. Objek pronomina ditempatkan pada posisi tengah karena objek tersebut menunjuk kepada entitas yang telah diketahui, yaitu menunjuk kepada konstituen nomina yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya dalam sebuah konteks dan tidak memperoleh penekanan (fokus) atau penonjolan informasi yang dikandunginya. Objek pronomina ditempatkan pada posisi akhir jika objek tersebut memperoleh penekanan (fokus) atau informasi yang dikandunginya ingin ditonjolkan. Pada basil analisis data yang berkaitan dengan makna, terdapat penempatan objek posisi akhir yang signifikan dalam urutan kata verba frasal yang dapat dipisah yang bermakna idiomatis. Hal itu ditunjukkan dengan persentase penempatan objek pada posisi tersebut mencapai 54,73% dari empat makna yang rnuncul pada jenis verba frasal tersebut. Namun, asal itu tidak berarti bahwa makna tersebut sebagai faktor utama penempatan objek pada posisi akhir. Faktor utama yang mcnempatkan objek pada posisi tersebut masih tetap objek yang menjadi bagian klausa atau kalimat yang memperoleh fokus. Sementara itu, makna idiomatis hanya berfungsi sebagai faktor pengiring dalam penempatan objek pada posisi tersebut.

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This study aims at gaining the illustration of the use of separable phrasal verb word order related to the length of nominal objects, pronominal objects and idiomatic meanings in English journalistic written language. It uses the qualitative approach. It is purely qualitative since it solely involves the analysis and description of the data collected.The source of data were Time magazines and Newsweek magazines published in 2007. Eleven publications of the two magazines were randomly taken. Thus. there were twenty two publications of the two magazines. The publications covered 21.56% of both magazines in 2007 which consist of 148 separable phrasal verbs of which are 122 separable phrasal verb with nominal objects and 26 separable phrasal verbs are pronominal objects respectively.The study has come up with the following results. First, there is relation between the length of nominal objects and their positions in separable phrasal verb word order. Nominal objects consisting of one word to four words can be positioned in two different positions, end positions and mid-positions. Nominal objects are positioned in the end position if they are focused. The focused part of a sentence is typically new information which has not been previously mentioned. Nominal objects are positioned in the mid-position if they do not belong to the focus but to the background part of sentence. On the contrary, nominal objects consisting of more than four words can solely be positioned in the end position. Second. pronominal objects could occur ill two positions, end positions and mid-positions. Pronominal objects occur at the end position if they are focused. and they occur in the mid-position if they are not focused or not stressed. Pronominal objects are regarded as old information since they refer to a well-known entity to nominal constituents that have been previously mentioned in the contex. Third, there is significant tendency for idiomatic meanings in positioning objects in the end position. The percentage of idiomatic meaning of separable phrasal verb positioning object in the end position reveals 54.73 %."

"This book presents a theory of 'markedness', the way in which languages demonstrate bias towards particular sounds."