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"Artikel ini membahas strategi dan kebijakan General Motors untuk bertahan pada masa Great Depression dari tahun 1929 sampai tahun 1935. Great Depression yang melanda negara Amerika Serikat mengakibatkan sektor industri goyah, tidak terkecuali General motors yang saat itu sedang mengalami kemajuan pesat sebagai manufaktur mobil tersukses mengungguli Ford dan Chrysler. Alfred P. Sloan sebagai direktur utama beserta jajaran direksi General Motors bertanggung jawab untuk mengeluarkan General Motors dari jurang depresi ekonomi. Sejumlah strategi diformulasikan untuk mempertahankan eksistensi General Motors, seperti menurunkan harga mobil mewah, mengurangi jumlah pekerja, hingga memberikan menggunakan bantuan kredit bernama General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC) yang sudah lebih dulu dibentuk sejak 1919. Strategi perusahaan yang dirumuskan Sloan bersama timnya bertujuan membantu General Motors agar bisa bertahan ditengah kekacauan depresi ekonomi yang melanda Amerika Serikat. Oleh karena itu, penulis berargumen bahwa General Motors mengeluarkan kebijakan dan strategi seperti pemotongan biaya produksi dan pengurangan pekerja agar tetap bertahan selama gempuran Great Depression. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang meliputi empat tahapan, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Berbeda dengan kajian-kajian sebelumnya yang membahas dampak Great Depression terhadap manufaktur mobil di Amerika Serikat secara umum, penelitian ini terfokus pada strategi General Motors serta dampaknya terhadap perusahaan dan masyarakat Amerika Serikat. Sumber-sumber yang digunakan pada artikel ini adalah surat kabar, poster, buku serta jurnal yang terkait dengan General Motors.

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The article discusses General Motors strategies and policies to survive the Great Depression from 1929 to 1935.The Great Depression that hit the United States caused the industrial sector to falter, including General Motors, which at that time was experiencing rapid progress as the most successful car manufacturer outperformed Ford and Chrysler. Alfred P. Sloan as the president director and board of directors of General Motors is responsible for getting General Motors out of the brink of the economic depression. Strategies are formulated to maintain the existence of General Motors, such as reducing the price of luxury cars, reducing the number of workers, to providing credit assistance called the General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC) which was formed in 1919. The company strategy formulated by Sloan together aims to help General Motors to can survive amid the economic turmoil that engulfs the United States. Therefore, the authors argue that General Motors issued policies and strategies such as cutting production and worker costs in order to survive during the Great Depression. This study uses a historical method which includes stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. In contrast to previous studies that discussed the impact of the Great Depression on car manufacturing in the United States in general, this study focuses on General Motors' strategy and its impact on US companies and society. The sources used in this article are newspapers, posters, books and journals related to General Motors."

"A Vision of Europe analyses a little-known collaborative effort by France and Germany to secure a durable peace between the World Wars, through European integration organized around a Franco-German axis. Received wisdom has it that the era of Franco-German rapprochement depended from 1925 on a close personal relationship between the French and German Foreign Ministers, Briand and Stresemann. With Stresemanns death in 1929, and the simultaneous onset of the interwar Great Depression, Germany in particular allegedly turned its back on this process of rapprochement several years before Hitler took power. However, A Vision of Europe challenges this view of Franco-German relations during the Depression years. Upsets and setbacks notwithstanding, a sustained mutual effort drew on political will, diplomatic rationale, economic synergies, cultural affinities, and various peace movements to agree a Franco-German customs union which had European union as its ultimate goal. These efforts were formalized in the Franco-German Berlin Accord of September 1931, with the diplomacy surrounding this event forming the heart of this book. By mid-1932, however, rapprochement had all but failed. An unforeseen crisis in trading relations, the impact on French opinion of a media scandal surrounding the publication of the late Stresemanns memoirs, and the disruptive impact of domestic party politics in both countries derailed a process that had been conceived by France and Germanys diplomatic, political and economic elites. Nonetheless, this first modern attempt at European unification reflected a deeper process and logic that survived Hitler and informed the creation of the contemporary European Union."

"Great Depression telah menimbulkan banyak dampak bagi dunia, terutama dalam lingkup industri perbankan. Alhasil, untuk mendapatkan kepercayaan nasabah, pemerintah Amerika Serikat mendirikan korporasi untuk menjamin simpanan nasabah dengan metode Insurance Deposit Schemes bernama Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Selanjutnya, dengan keberhasilan di Amerika Serikat, banyak negara khususnya Indonesia yang mengikuti jalur tersebut dengan mendirikan perusahaan penjamin simpanan bernama Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan (LPS). Namun dengan membandingkan kedua sistem tersebut terdapat beberapa persamaan dan perbedaan mengenai peran keduanya di kedua negara. Tesis ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan. Pertanyaan pertama bagaimana persyaratan dan ketentuan skema penjaminan simpanan dalam rangka menjaga stabilitas keuangan di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat dan yang kedua adalah bagaimana persamaan dan perbedaan skema penjaminan simpanan di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, tesis ini menunjukkan regulasi Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat serta perbedaan dan persamaan aturan dan ketentuan. Dengan membandingkan kedua sistem tersebut, meskipun kedua korporasi bertujuan untuk menjamin simpanan nasabah dan tujuan utamanya adalah untuk menumbuhkan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap industri perbankan, tidak semua peran kedua korporasi tersebut sama.

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The Great Depression has caused many impacts to the world, especially in the scope of banking industry. As a result, in order to gain customers’ trust, the government of the United States of America established a corporation to guarantee customers’ deposits with the method of Insurance Deposit Schemes named Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Hereafter, by the success in the United States of America, many countries, especially Indonesia followed the path by establishing a deposit insurance corporation named Indonesia Deposit Insurance Corporation (IDIC). However, by comparing both systems there are several similarities and differences regarding their roles in both countries. This thesis intended to answer two questions. The first question is how are the requirements and provisions of the deposit insurance schemes in order to maintain financial stability in Indonesia and the United States of America and the second one is how are the similarities and differences of deposit insurance schemes in Indonesia and the United States of America. Using normative legal research methods, this thesis shows the regulations of Deposit Insurance Corporation in Indonesia and the United States of America as well as the differences and similarities of the rules and conditions. By comparing both systems, although both corporations aim to guarantee customers’ deposits and the main objective is to foster public trust in the banking industry, not all the roles of both corporations are the same.

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