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"This book has great emphasis on hearing such as audiology, and speech and hearing science. this book is made to understand what the auditory system does and how it works. this book also has some part that explain hearing relation with perception such as perception of loudness, pitch perception, space perception, object perception, and speech perception."

"Ruang lingkup dan Metodologi Perusahaan "P" melakukan program konservasi pendengaran sejak 1981. Untuk mengetahui efektifitas program tersebut telah dilakulan pengkajian mengenai permasalahan ketulian akibat bising dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pada petugas kamar mesin kapal, sehingga dapat dilakukan usaha perbaikan. Telah dilakukan suatu studi intervensi yang terdiri dari 3 tahap: - Pengumpulan data dasar, dilakukan dengan mengukur inlensitas bising pada sebuah kapal tanker , melakukan survei pada pekerja kamar mesin kapal yang berkunjung ke poliklinik jalan Deli bulan Oktober 1998, dan wawancara dengan pihak manajemen, untuk mengetahui program konservasi pendengaran yang sudah dijalankan - Intervensi dilakukan pada pihak manajemen - Evaluasi setelah 3 bulan Hasil: Intensitas bising melampaui NAB diperkenankan (85 dBA selama 8 jam kerja) ditemukan pada kamar mesin saat berjalan dan generator tanker "P 1023" sewaktu bergerak maupun diam, yaitu 86-110 dB. Hasil penelitian pada 30 orang pekerja km mesin yang mengunjungi poliklinik jalan Deli perusahaan bulan September 1998, didapat prevalensi Tali Akibat Bising (TAB) 66,6%. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan antara lain adalah usia pertama kali bekerja di km. mesin kapal dan sikap terhadap bising dan gunanya ear muff/plug dengan TAB. (p 0.04) Hasil intervensi pada manajemen setelah 3 bulan: telah dilakukan pemeriksaan berkala audiometri pekerja mesin kapal, menyediakan alat pelindung telinga, mutasi pekerja dengan TAB.

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Efforts To Improve The Hearing Conservation Program To Prevent Noise Induced Hearing Loss Among Tanker's Engine Room Workers Of "P" Company , Jakarta 1998Scope & Methodology Hearing Conservation Program has been implemented in "P" company since 1981. To study the effectiveness of the program a study on NULL problem and related factors among the company's engine workers. An intervention study consisting of 3 phases was conducted, to increase the effectvvness of the program. - Data base collection, by measuring noise intensity in a tanker's engine room, a survey was conducted an engine's room workers, who were visiting the Deli's policlinic during September 1998, interview to the management to learn about the current hearing conservation program. - Intervention on the management - Evaluation after 3 months The results showed: The noise intensity was above TLV (85 dB A during 8 working hours) either during sailing or when harboured, and the range of noise intensity within the machine room was 86 - 11O dB. The human study on 30 respondents (a total sample), who were visiting Deli's policlinic owned by the company on September 1998, showed that the prevalence of Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) was 66,6%. Factors found related to NIHL were age when first entering engine room job, attitude towards noise and the use of PPD (personal protective devices). Evaluation after 3 months intervention showed that, management of hearing conservation program, has become more effective, e.g. routine audiometer's examination, ear protective devices are available, rotation among NIHL employees."

"Bajaj, sebagai model pada penelitian ini, merupakan kendaraan angkutan dengan tingkat kebisingan yang cukup tinggi. Hal ini dapat menimbulkan gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan pada pengemudinya. Subjek dipilih secara konsekutif di antara pengemudi bajaj di Jakarta dan dilakukan pemeriksaan pendengaran dengan audiometer dan pemeriksaan keseimbangan dengan gravicorder di pagi hari di poliklinik Neurotologi Departemen Telinga Hidung dan Tenggorok RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta dari bulan Maret 2000 sampai Oktober 2001. Dari 350 subjek yang diperoleh, ditemukan 97 subjek tanpa gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan dan 96 subjek yang menderita gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan. Jika dibandingkan dengan pengemudi bajaj berumur kurang dari 40 tahun, pengemudi bajaj yang berumur 41 tahun atau lebih mempunyai risiko hampir 4 kali lipat untuk menderita gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan [rasio odds suaian (OR) = 3,90; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 1,67-9,10]. Pengemudi bajaj yang bekerja lebih dari 9 jam per hari mempunyai risiko 2,3 kali lipat untuk menderita gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan jika dibandingkan dengan pengemudi yang bekerja kurang dari 9 jam (OR suaian = 2,32; 95% CI=1,22-4,41). Di samping itu, jika dibandingkan dengan mereka yang bekerja 1-5 tahun, mereka yang telah bekerja lebih dari 5 tahun mempunyai kecenderungan menderita gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan, dan di antara yang telah bekerja 21-30 tahun mempunyai risiko lebih dari 7 kali lipat (OR suaian = 7,11; 95% CI = 1,88-26,92). Untuk mengurangi risiko gangguan pendengaran dan keseimbangan, pengemudi bajaj dianjurkan bekerja kurang dari 8 jam per hari. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 101-6)

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Noisy and vibrating bajaj, a public transportation in Jakarta, is a potential risk in inducing hearing and balance problems. Bajaj drivers in the Jakarta area were chosen by consecutive sampling and examined medically in the Neurotological Subdivision of the ENT Department of the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Hearing and balance impairments were then diagnosed from audiometric and posturographic tests. The study was carried out from March 2000 until October 2001. A number of 350 bajaj drivers participated in this study. There were 97 subjects without hearing and balance impairments, and 96 subjects suffered from hearing and balance impairments. Compared to drivers aged less than 40 years, those aged 41 years or more had a four-fold increased risk of developing hearing and balance impairments [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.90; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.67-9.10]. Drivers working 9 hours or more a day had an increased risk 2.3 times of developing hearing and balance impairments compared those working less than 9 hours a day (adjusted OR = 2.32; 95% CI=1.22-4.41). Furthermore, when compared to those who had been working for 1-5 years, those who had been working for 5 years had an increased tendency of developing hearing and balance impairments. Those who had been working 21-30 years had a seven-fold increased risk of developing hearing and balance impairments (adjusted OR = 7.11; 95% CI = 1.88-26.92). To minimize hearing and balance impairments bajaj drivers are recommended to work less than 8 hours a day. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 101-6)"

"In order to asseses the risks associated with worker's hearing loss, due toRisk assess exposure to noise pollution, at the Boroujerd textile factory a cross sectional study was conducted. 60 workers from the spinning and weaving workshops and official staff were randomly selected as case and control groups to the noise pollution in the spinning and weaving workshops there is a distinct increase in the number of cases of hearing loss at hight frequences."

"tertiary education has a goal which consists mainly of learning to live and learning to acquire knowledge. different nation may have its own emphasis and priority in accordance to the heritage and characteristic of the nation. recently university also receives clear messages from the United Nation concerning human rights and environment which have to be included in the goal of the tertiary, education, learning in the university has a system, prerequisites, and programmes which have to be comprehended by students."