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"The Role of an Engineer in Accelerating the Progress of a Hydroelectric Power Construction Project (PLTA) in Indonesia (Case Study of Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.'S Hydroelectric Power Projects)Indonesia is well endowed with hydropower potential, which is renewable and indigenous energy, with natural support of ample rainfall. The construction of hydropower (PLTA) will conserve the exportable resources such as oil, natural gas and coal, and thus contribute to Indonesia's foreign exchange earnings. The fact that the hydroelectric power is a kind of complex and diversified project involving many parties within the limited space and management, then the presence of a qualified consulting engineer is required to ensure that the Project be completed to quality, to time and to cost.Selecting a consultant is one of the most important decisions an owner or client makes. The success of the Project often depends on obtaining the most able, experienced, and reputable consulting firm. The procurement of a consulting engineer is merely based on the following 3 (three) principal categories: (a) Experience in similar projects (20 % weight) ; (b) Approach and methodology (30 % weight) ; (c) Qualification and competence of the personnel proposed (50 % weight). These categories justify the qualification of a consulting firm selected. This thesis investigates the relationship between the qualification of a consulting engineer supervising the construction of a hydroelectric power and its progress.Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., being the first private independent consulting firm in Japan established in 1946, was selected as the consulting firm with samples of projects including Tanggari-II, Besai, Renun and Musi Hydroelectric Power. Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. has been involved over a long period of time in the development of a number of hydroelectric power projects in Indonesia providing extensive accumulated experience and knowledge therefrom.The required data (secondary data) was obtained from the Monthly Progress Report. The progress of the Project was easily noted from the "S-Curve" and the quality of the Consultant was reflected in the Manning Schedule. Other variables such as productivity level of each expert, the role of Owner and Contractor, and procurement method were assumed to be constant. SPSS 7.5 for Windows was used to run the data for regression analysis.The result yielded a significant relationship in the form of a positive correlation between quality of the Consultant and progress of the Project. It is, therefore, justifiable to conclude that the more qualified consulting firm will positively accelerate the completion of the hydroelectric power projects in Indonesia."

"Transisi dari kendaraan bensin dan petrol ke kendaraan listrik (EV) di Dushanbe, Tajikistan, sangat penting untuk mengurangi polusi udara dan mendorong penggunaan energi terbarukan. Masalah yang ada di daerah penelitian saat ini adalah polusi udara yang merupakan tingkat tertinggi di antara negara-negara Asia Tengah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah adopsi EV di Dushanbe dari segi penerimaan masyarakat, kelayakan ekonomi, dan manfaat lingkungan. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dan qualitative analisis. Hasil penilitian ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun ada persepsi publik yang kuat yang mendukung adopsi EV karena kesadaran lingkungan, kendala finansial menjadi hambatan yang signifikan. Analisis ekonomi menunjukkan bahwa meskipun ada tantangan finansial ini, potensi efisiensi biaya jangka panjang sangat tinggi. Penilaian dampak lingkungan menyarankan bahwa EV, yang sebagian besar ditenagai oleh sumber daya hidroelektrik Tajikistan, dapat mengurangi emisi karbon dan polusi suara secara signifikan. Descriptive analisis mengungkapkan kekuatan seperti sumber daya hidroelektrik yang melimpah dan dukungan pemerintah untuk teknologi hijau; namun, kelemahannya termasuk infrastruktur EV yang tidak memadai. Peluang untuk pertumbuhan di industri terkait EV sangat besar, meskipun ketidakpastian ekonomi menimbulkan ancaman terhadap adopsi yang cepat. Kesimpulan yang ditarik dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa meskipun penerimaan masyarakat dan dampak lingkungan adalah positif, pengembangan ekonomi dan infrastruktur diperlukan untuk sepenuhnya memanfaatkan manfaat EV di Dushanbe. Strategi adopsi yang direkomendasikan adalah pendekatan kekuatan-kesempatan, dengan menekankan penggunaan sumber daya energi terbarukan lokal dan peningkatan infrastruktur EV untuk meningkatkan transportasi berkelanjutan secara efektif.

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The transition from gasoline and petrol vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, is essential to reduce air pollution and promote renewable energy use. Problem in current research area is suffering from air pollution which is the highest level among Central Asian countries. Objective of this thesis is to evaluate the EV adoption in Dushanbe in terms of societal acceptance, economic feasibility, and environmental benefits. The analytical methods applied include descriptive statistics and a qualitative analysis. Results indicate that while there is a strong public perception favoring EV adoption due to environmental awareness, financial constraints pose significant barriers. Economic analysis shows that despite these financial challenges, there is a high potential for cost-efficiency in the long term. Environmental impact assessments suggest that EVs, powered predominantly by Tajikistan's hydroelectric resources, could significantly reduce carbon emissions and noise pollution. The qualitative analysis reveals strengths such as abundant hydroelectric power and governmental support for green technologies; however, weaknesses include inadequate EV infrastructure. Opportunities for growth in EV-related industries are substantial, though economic uncertainties pose threats to rapid adoption. The conclusion drawn from this research is that while societal acceptance and environmental impacts are favorable, economic and infrastructural developments are necessary to fully leverage the benefits of EVs in Dushanbe. The adoption strategy recommended is a strength-opportunity approach, emphasizing the use of local renewable energy sources and the enhancement of EV infrastructure to improve sustainable transportation effectively."

"Studi ini mengevaluasi performa turbin air Turgo skala piko dengan memanfaatkan batok kelapa sebagai sudu, khususnya meneliti pengaruh sudut masuk dan keluar sudu terhadap efisiensi turbin. Latar belakang studi ini adalah kebutuhan mendesak untuk sumber energi terbarukan yang ramah lingkungan di daerah terpencil dan tidak terjangkau listrik di Indonesia. Pemanfaatan potensi hydropower dengan instalasi pembangkit listrik tenaga air skala piko (< 5 kW) di daerah 3T (Tertinggal, Terdepan, Terluar) menjadi solusi potensial. Penggunaan bahan alami seperti batok kelapa sebagai sudu turbin Turgo menawarkan keunggulan ekonomi dan keberlanjutan, mengatasi masalah material dan pemeliharaan di daerah sulit akses. Turbin Turgo yang dirancang dalam studi ini diuji pada ketinggian jatuh air 4 meter dengan variasi sudut serang nosel. Pengujian d ilakukan melalui perhit ungan analit ik d an simulasi numerik unt uk menentukan sudut masuk nosel relatif, kecepatan relatif aliran air, sudut keluar relatif, kecepatan fluida keluar, dan efisiensi hidrolik teoritis. Tiga jenis turbin dengan sudut serang nosel berbed a d iuji: Turbin A (48.28°), Turbin B (19.03°), d an Turbin C (26.28°). Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa sudut serang nosel optimal berada dalam kisaran 10°- 30°, dimana hasil perhitungan teoritis Turbin C menghasilkan efisiensi hidrolik tertinggi sebesar 74%, diikuti oleh Turbin B sebesar 52%, dan Turbin A sebesar 50%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa sudut serang nosel yang tepat dapat meningkatkan efisiensi turbin dengan mengoptimalkan perpindahan momentum aliran air. Penggunaan batok kelapa sebagai sudu turbin menunjukkan potensi besar dalam pengembangan pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang ramah lingkungan dan berbiaya rendah di daerah terpencil. Dengan demikian, inovasi ini dapat berkontribusi pada peningkatan rasio elektrifikasi nasional dan pengurangan emisi gas rumah kaca, sejalan dengan komitmen Indonesia terhadap Perjanjian Paris.

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The rapid growth of the global population and advancements in civilization have led to an exponential increase in energy demand. Despite the unsustainable nature of fossil fuels and their severe environmental and health issues, fossil fuels, particularly petroleum, remain the primary energy source. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide are released in large quantities during the combustion of fossil fuels, contributing to climate crises, rising sea levels, and extreme weather conditions threatening coastal communities. According to the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report (2023), the world is on a path to dangerous climate risks by the end of the 21st century, even under 1.5°C or 2°C warming scenarios. Indonesia's commitment to the Paris Agreement requires a 29% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030. However, strategies to decarbonize effectively need reevaluation, as the current deforestation emission reduction schemes only prevent 3% of the required total. With an increase in global surface temperature and a rapid rise since 1970, Indonesia is focusing on increasing its renewable energy share. Hydropower, with a potential of 94.6 GW and an installed capacity of only 6.1 GW, presents a significant opportunity, especially for electrifying remote areas through small-scale solutions like pico hydropower systems. This study aims to investigate the performance of a pico-scale Turgo water turbine using coconut shell spoon blades, focusing on the effects of the inlet and outlet blade angles. Analytical calculations were based on conditions at the fluid mechanics laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department, using a head of 4 meters, 8 blades, and a nozzle- to-turbine distance of 100 mm. The water speed calculated was 8.59 m/s, with runner speed at 4.03 m/s, resulting in a water power of 16.9 W. Three turbine types (A, B, and C) with different attack angles were tested analytically for relative velocity, fluid exit speed, and hydraulic efficiency. Analytical results showed that Turbine C had the highest efficiency at 74%, followed by Turbine B at 52% and Turbine A at 50%. Turbines B and C fell within the optimal jet angle range for Turgo and Pelton turbines. Turbine C's superior performance was attributed to a better alignment of water momentum transfer due to its blade angles, minimizing flow separation and stall."