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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan: Di Indonesia belum ada penelitian tentang injeksi silikon dan komplikasinya, walaupun kasusnya banyak. Patogenesis granuloma silikon masih belum jelas. Beberapa penelitian mengemukakan peran sel T dan sitokin, namun belum ada yang meneliti tentang toleransi imun. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik meliputi rancangan potong lintang membandingkan 3 kelompok, yaitu 31 jaringan granuloma dan 31 kulit submental pasien dengan suntikan silikon di dagu (kasus) dan 37 kulit normal (kontrol), terhadap gambaran klinis, histopatologis, dan respons imun melalui ekspresi sitokin TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10, enzim IDO, serta sel Treg (CD4+CD25+); Penelitian eksperimental membiakkan darah penuh kasus dan orang normal, pada RPMI, dan RPMI yang distimulasi PHA, dan silikon. Dilanjutkan dengan mengukur kadar sitokin TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 dan IDO supernatan biakan darah. Penelitian dilakukan di klinik spesialis JMB, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUNAIR, dan lembaga Eijkman, tahun 2012 - 2014. Hasil Penelitian: Sebanyak 31 pasien granuloma akibat suntikan silikon di dagu umumnya datang berobat 12,5 tahun setelah penyuntikan, perubahan bentuk dagu terjadi pada tahun ke-4, perubahan warna pada tahun ke-5. Kadar sitokin proinflamasi di supernatan biakan darah lebih tinggi pada pasien granuloma daripada normal. Terdapat korelasi bermakna antara TNF-a di supernatan biakan darah dengan ekspresi TNF-a di jaringan granuloma. Enzim IDO, Treg, IL-10 di kulit submental berkorelasi bermakna dengan sitokin di granuloma. Sitokin anti inflamasi berperan pada kulit submental. Rasio TNF-a/IL-10 di supernatan biakan darah berkorelasi terbalik dengan ekspresi sel Treg di granuloma, membuktikan fungsi Treg sebagai toleransi imun, bekerja melalui IL-10. Enzim IDO di granuloma berkolerasi bermakna dengan rasio TNF-a/IL-10 di supernatan biakan darah dan Treg kulit submental. Simpulan: Enzim IDO bekerja sama dengan fungsi sel Treg dalam toleransi imun pada granuloma akibat suntikan silikon. TNF-a di supernatan biakan darah dan sitokin anti inflamasi di kulit submental dapat dijadikan prediktor untuk menilai respons imun yang terjadi akibat suntikan silikon.;

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ABSTRACT
Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance. Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014. Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin. Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection. ;Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance. Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014. Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin. Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection. , Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance. Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014. Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin. Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection. ]

Abstrak :
Kalau dalam buku Imunologi dibahas dasar-dasar imunologi, maka dalam Imunologi Klinik dikupas berbagai penyakit yang berkaitan erat dengan sistem imun, seperti: alergi, penyakit otoimun, imunitas dan infeksi penyakit defisiensi imun, dan sebagainya.

Abstrak :
Sistem imun adalah suatu sistem yang kompleks terdiri dari sel, jaringan, organ, serta mediator yang terlibat untuk mempertahankan integritas tubuh kita terhadap serangan asing yang mengancam. Sistem imun tubuh yang tidak seimbang dan terganggu dapat dimodulasi dengan menggunakan imunomodulator. Dilakukan studi literatur mengenai obat-obatan golongan imunomodulator yang bekerja dengan cara imunorestorasi, imunostimulan, dan imunosupresan. komponen imunorestorasi adalah Immune Serum Globulin (ISG), Hyperimmune Serum Globulin (HSG), plasma, plasmapheresis, dan leukopheresis. Bahan-bahan yang dapat menjadi imunostimulator dapat bersumber dari bahan biologis dan bahan sintetik. Contoh golongan obat imunosupresan adalah kortikosteroid, antimetabolit, penghambat kalsineurin, dan agen biologis. ...... The immune system is a complex system of cells, tissues, organs, and mediators involved in maintaining the integrity of our body against foreign invaders. An unbalanced and compromised immune system can be modulated by using immunomodulators. A literature study was conducted on immunomodulatory drugs that work by immunorestoration, immunostimulants, and immunosuppressants. Immunorestoration components are Immune Serum Globulin (ISG), Hyperimmune Serum Globulin (HSG), plasma, plasmapheresis, and leukopheresis. Materials that can be immunostimulators can be sourced from biological materials and synthetic materials. Examples of immunosuppressant drugs are corticosteroids, antimetabolites, calcineurin inhibitors, and biological agents.

Abstrak :
Indonesia masih menjadi negara yang belum terbebas dari malaria. Terdapat kesenjangan kasus malaria di Indonesia dengan prevalensi tertinggi di Provinsi Papua, Papua Barat dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model manajemen malaria berbasis wilayah yang nantinya dikembangkan menjadi algoritma manajemen malaria berbasis wilayah. Desain penelitian ini adalah desain penelitian analitik yang menggabungkan studi ekologi dan studi potong lintang. Sampel diambil dari empat desa yang berdekatan di Kecamatan Kodi Balaghar Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur yang memiliki perbedaan prevalensi malaria dan perbedaan ekosistem yaitu Desa Mata Kapore, Desa Waikarara, Desa Kahale dan Desa Karang Indah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat variabilitas dinamika transmisi di antara keempat desa tersebut yaitu jenis parasit, densitas parasit, kepadatan nyamuk, perilaku pemajanan, jarak rumah dari tempat perindukan nyamuk. Terdapat variabilitas respons imun di antara keempat desa yaitu kadar IgG dan alel gen MSP2. Pola persebaran kasus dan alel gen MSP2 di masing-masing desa memiliki karakteristik tertentu. Ada hubungan antara jarak rumah dari tempat perindukan nyamuk (p=0,041) dan alel gen MSP2 (p=0,032) dengan densitas parasit. Model akhir menunjukkan alel gen MSP2 memiliki hubungan dengan densitas parasit. Penelitian ini menyarankan algoritma manajemen malaria berbasis wilayah yang memuat manajemen kasus, manajemen faktor risiko, integrasi dan keterlibatan lintas sektor.

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Indonesia is not malaria-free country. There is a gap of malaria cases in Indonesia with the highest prevalence in the province of Papua, West Papua and East Nusa Tenggara. This study aims to obtain spatial management of malaria model which will be developed into an spatial management of malaria algorithms. This study design is an analytic study designs that combines ecological study and cross-sectional study. Samples taken from four adjacent villages in the district of Kodi Balaghar Southwest Sumba Regency East Nusa Tenggara Province which have differences in prevalence of malaria and ecosystem diversity. They are Mata Kapore Village, Waikarara Village, Kahale Village and Karang Indah Village. The results showed there are variabilities in the transmission dynamics among the four villages. The variabilities are the type of parasite, parasite density, density of mosquitoes, behavioral exposure, the distance of house from breeding places. There are variabilities in immune response among the four villages. They are IgG level and MSP2 gene alleles. Distribution patterns of cases distributif and MSP2 gene alleles in each village have certain characteristics. There is a association between the distance of house from breeding place (p=0,041) and MSP2 gene alleles (p=0,032) with parasite density. The final model shows MSP2 gene alleles have a relationship with parasit density. This study suggested spatial management of malaria algorithm that includes case management, risk factor management, integration and cross-sector involvement.

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ABSTRACT
Pendahuluan: Penduduk pemukiman kumuh dan nonkumuh memiliki pola pajanan pathogen yang berbeda sehingga diduga menyebabkan perbedaan profil imun. Rasio albumin globulin dan komplemen C3, fraksi β-globulin yang berfungsi sebagai pusatkonvergensi sistem komplemen yang merupakan sistem imun bawaan, diduga memiliki profil yang berbeda berdasarkan tipe pemukiman dan pola pajanannya. Metode: Studi potong lintang ini melibatkan masing-masing 20 orang dari penduduk sekitar TPU Bantar Gebang yang mewakili populasi kumuh dan civitas Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Yarsi, Jakarta yang mewakili populasi nonkumuh. Nilai rasio albumin globulin diukur dengan cara membandingkan nilai albumin dengan selisih antara protein total dengan albumin. Komplemen C3 diukur menggunakan metode radial immunodiffusion. Hasil: Populasi kumuh memiliki nilai rasio albumin globulin lebih rendah signifikan dibanding populasi nonkumuh (p =0,004). 65% populasi kumuh memiliki ekspresi komplemen C3 tinggi (>1275,0) sedangkan 70% populasi nonkumuh memiliki ekspresi komplemen C3 rendah (≤1275,0) (p = 0,027). Rasio albumin globulin dan komplemen C3 memiliki tren korelasi negatif (R= −0,251, p = 0,062). Lima puluh persen populasi kumuh memiliki rasio albumin globulin rendah (≤1,38) dan ekspresi komplemen C3 tinggi (>1275,0) (p = 0,018). Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan rerata rasio albumin globulin dan perbedaan proporsi ekspresi komplemen C3 yang signifikan pada populasi kumuh dan nonkumuh. Terdapat tren hubungan terbalik antara rasio albumin globulin dan ekspresi komplemen C3. Proporsi rasio albumin globulin rendah dan ekspresi komplemen C3 tinggi lebih banyak

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ABSTRACT
Introduction: Slum and non-slum dwellers have different pathogenic exposure patterns that are thought to cause differences in immune profile. The ratio of albumin globulin and C3 complement, the β-globulin fraction that functions as a center convergence of the complement system which is the innate immune system, is thought to have a different profile based on the type of settlement and its exposure patterns. Method - This cross-sectional study involved 20 people from each population around the Bantar Gebang TPU which represents the slum population and the Yarsi University Faculty of Medicine community, Jakarta representing the non-slum population. The value of albumin globulin ratio is measured by comparing the value of albumin with the difference between total protein with albumin. C3 supplements are measured using the radial immunodiffusion method. Results: Slum populations have significantly lower albumin globulin ratios compared to non-slum populations (p = 0.004). 65% of the slum population has high C3 complement expression (> 1275.0) while 70% of the non-slum population has low C3 complement expression (≤1275.0) (p = 0.027). The ratio of albumin globulin and complement C3 has a negative correlation trend (R = −0.251, p = 0.062). Fifty percent of the slum population had a low albumin globulin ratio (≤1.38) and high C3 complement expression (> 1275.0) (p = 0.018). Conclusion- There is a significant difference in the ratio of albumin globulin and a significant difference in the proportion of C3 complement expression in slum and non-slum populations. There is a trend of an inverse relationship between albumin globulin ratio and C3 complement expression. The proportion of albumin globulin ratio is low and the expression of high C3 complement is higher

Abstrak :
Infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis TB merupakan salah satu infeksi oportunistik penyebab utama kematian pada penderita HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS . Hal ini diakibatkan progresifitas infeksi TB pada penderita HIV meningkat. TB aktif pada penderita HIV cenderung berkembang menjadi TB ekstra pulmonal, sedangkan TB laten lebih mudah berkembang menjadi TB aktif. Deteksi TB laten merupakan salah satu cara untuk mencegah progresifitas infeksi TB pada penderita HIV. Salah satu metode diagnosa TB laten adalah Interferon Gamma Release Assay IGRA yang menggunakan antigen ESAT-6/CFP-10. Metode ini terbukti baik, namun pada penderita HIV seringkali ditemukan hasil indeterminate, terutama pada penderita HIV dengan CD4 rendah. Terdapat antigen M.tuberculosis lain yang cukup potensial, diantaranya adalah resuscitation promoting factors D RpfD . RpfD merupakan antigen yang berperan dalam reaktifasi TB laten dan terbukti imunogenik, sehingga cukup berpotensi digunakan sebagai alternatif diagnostik untuk TB laten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat respon imun seluler pada penderita HIV dengan TB laten dan TB negatif terhadap antigen M. tuberculosis RpfD dan ESAT-6/CFP-10. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 16 subyek HIV yang tidak memiliki gejala TB dan hasil sputum BTA serta radiologiknya menunjukkan gambaran negatif TB. Dari 16 subyek tersebut dilakukan pemeriksaan IGRA, dan diperoleh hasil IGRA positif TB laten pada 6 subyek 37,5 , sedangkan 10 subyek lain 62,5 IGRA negatif TB negatif . Kemudian 16 subyek tersebut dilakukan isolasi PBMC, lalu dikultur dengan peptida sintetis fragmen ke-2 F2 RpfD sebesar 10 g/mL, 10 g/mL fragmen ke-3 F3 RpfD, 10 g/mL campuran fragmen 2 dan 3 F2/3 RpfD, 10 g/mL ESAT-6/CFP-10, serta 10 mitogen PHA selama 72 jam. Diambil supernatan dari hasil kultur, kemudian dilakukan analisa terhadap respon imun seluler yang terbentuk IFN- ? ? . Diperoleh hasil peningkatan IFN- ? ? setelah stimulasi dengan seluruh antigen. Pada stimulasi dengan fragmen RpfD, rerata kadar IFN- ? ? lebih tinggi pada F3 14,58 pg/mL dibandingkan dengan F2 dan F2/3. Akan tetapi bila dibandingkan dengan ESAT-6/CFP-10 36,12 pg/mL , ketiganya memiliki kadar IFN- ? ? yang lebih rendah. Terdapat potensi antigen dari ESAT-6/CFP-10, F2 dan F3 dalam memprediksi status infeksi TB laten berdasarkan pemeriksaan IGRA. Dengan uji diagnostik untuk memprediksi status infeksi TB laten diperoleh sensitivitas 83 , spesifisitas 80 , nilai duga positif 73 dan nilai duga negatif 80 .

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection TB is one of the major causes of death in HIV Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS infections. This is due to the progression of TB infection in HIV infected patients. Active TB in people with HIV tends to develop into extra pulmonary TB, whereas latent TB is more likely to develop into active TB. Latent TB detection is one way to prevent the progression of TB infection in people with HIV. One method of latent TB diagnosis is Interferon Gamma Release Assay IGRA using ESAT 6 CFP 10 antigen. This method proved good, but in HIV patients often found indeterminate results, especially in people with HIV with low CD4 . There are other potentially potent antigen M. tuberculosis, such as resuscitation promoting factors D RpfD . RpfD is an antigen that plays a role in the reactivation of latent and proven immunogenic, thus potentially being used as an alternative diagnostic for latent TB. This study aims to look at cellular immune responses in HIV patients with latent tuberculosis and TB negative to M. tuberculosis antigen RpfD and ESAT 6 CFP 10. The study was conducted on 16 HIV subjects who did not have symptoms of TB and the results of smear and radiologic showed a negative picture of TB. Of the 16 subjects, IGRA was examined, and IGRA positive latent TB obtained in 6 subjects 37.5 , while 10 other subjects 62.5 negative IGRA negative TB . Their PBMC were isolated, then cultured with synthetic peptide from the 2nd fragment F2 of RpfD for amount of 10 g mL, 10 g mL cultured with the 3rd fragment F3 of RpfD, 10 g mL cultured with mixture of fragments 2 and 3 F2 3 RpfD, 10 g mL cultured with ESAT 6 CFP 10, and the other cultured with 10 mitogen PHA for 72 hours. Supernatants were taken from the culture, and then analysis their cellular immune responses IFN . There were improved IFN results after stimulation with all antigens. In stimulation with the RpfD fragment, mean IFN F3 levels were higher 14.58 pg mL compared with F2 and F2 3. However, when compared with ESAT 6 CFP 10 36.12 pg mL , all three had lower IFN levels. There is an antigenic potential of ESAT 6 CFP 10, F2 and F3 in predicting latent TB infection status based on IGRA examination. With diagnostic tests for predicting latent TB infection status, 83 sensitivity, 80 specificity, positive predictive value was 73 and negative predictive value was 80 .

Abstrak :
COVID-19 sudah didetapkan sebagai pandemi oleh WHO, dan minat untuk meneliti mengenai pengobatan COVID-19 sangatlah tinggi. Akan tetapi, tidak hanya obat-obatan, minat untuk mempelajari tentang senyawa herbal, serta mencari kandidat senyawa untuk pengobatan juga tinggi. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan investigasi potensi dari berbagai senyawa herbal yang memiliki efek anti-COVID-19, dan tidak hanya terhadap COVID-19 tetapi juga terhadap penyakit sistem imun. Dalam studi ini, peneliti menggunakan metode jejaring farmakologi. Metode ini dapat mengeksplorasi potensi efek yang dimiliki dari senyawa herbal dan target terkait untuk mengobati penyakti COVID-19. Target kandidat protein diprediksi melalui ChemBL, lalu dilakukan penelusuran terhadap penyakit dan validasi melalui website target validation. Jaringan dibentuk menggunakan Cytoscape 3.8.0 yang hasilnya merupakan jaringan senyawa-target, dan target-penyakit. Hasil konstruksi jaringan C-T-D menunjukkan 72 senyawa, 86 target, 1164 penyakit, dan 22 kategori penyakit. Terdapat 9 target potensial dan 69 senyawa yang terkait dengan COVID-19, selain itu ditemukan juga 286 spesies tanaman yang berpotensi. Pada penyakit sistem imun seluruh senyawa memiliki kaitan, lalu didapatkan 39 target yang berkaitan juga dengan 134 jenis penyakit sistem imun serta 318 spesies tanaman yang berpotensi. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh rekomendasi spesies tanaman yaitu Citrus maxima, Acronychia laurifolia, Santalum album yang masing-masing memiliki 12, 11, dan 6 interaksi dengan target atau senyawa. ......COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic by the WHO, and interest in research on the treatment of COVID-19 is very high. However not only drugs, interest in learning about herbal compounds, as well as looking for candidate compounds for treatment is also high. In this study, we investigated the potential of various herbal compounds that have anti-COVID-19 effects, and not only against COVID-19 but also against diseases of the immune system. In this study, researchers used the pharmacology network method. This method can explore the potential effects of herbal compounds and related targets to treat COVID-19 disease. The target protein candidate is predicted through ChemBL, then a search for the disease is carried out and validation through the target validation website. Networks were formed using Cytoscape 3.8.0 which resulted in compound-target, and disease-target networks. The results of the C-T-D network construction showed 72 compounds, 86 targets, 1164 diseases, and 22 disease categories. There are 9 potential targets and 69 compounds associated with COVID-19, in addition, 286 potential plant species were found. In diseases of the immune system, all compounds are related, then 39 targets were obtained which are also related to 134 types of immune system diseases and 318 potential plant species. From this study, it was found that plant species recommendations were Citrus maxima, Acronychia laurifolia, Santalum album which each had 12, 11, and 6 interactions with targets or compounds.