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"This book examines the history of communist Indochina, from the foundation of the Indochinese Communist Party in 1929-30 to the end of the 1970s. It explores the impact of the Japanese invasion of Indochina in 1940, and the subsequent relationship between the Japanese occupiers and the Vichy French colonial regime. It considers why, following the Japanese surrender, the cause of Vietnamese independence was championed by the Communist-led Viet Minh movement headed by Ho Chi Minh, culminating in the August Revolution and the Viet Minh seizure of power, and analyses the record of the Viet Minh Pr."

"Artikel ini membahas langkah-langkah yg diambil oleh Gubernur Jenderal Indocina Paul Doumer dalam membangun perkeonomian Indocina pada 1897-1902. Pembangunan ini memiliki konesekuensi perbaikan ekonomi bagi Indocina sebagai wilayah koloni yang berkembang dan menguntungkan Republik Prancis. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif yang ditunjang oleh data dari studi kepustakaan, dipaparkan tiga bidang utama yang mengalami pembangunan di Indocina, yaitu: pembangunan dalam bidang administrasi, ekonomi, dan infrastruktur.

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This article examines how development was established in French Indochina during the rule of Governor-General Paul Doumer (1897-1902). This period of development has a direct effect on the economic reconstruction of Indochina as a thriving colony and serving the French Republic. Utilizing a descriptive method and supported by literature study on historical sources, the article argues that there are three main areas that are affected by the reconstruction in Indochina, namely the colonial administration, economy, and infrastructure."

"ABSTRAKArmed conflicts create drastic socioeconomic shocks that lead to land use and land cover changes in ways that are not yet well understood. Several studies have used satellite imagery to detect such changes during periods of conflict. However, there has been an insufficient examination of older conflicts before the 1970s. By examining older conflicts, we can examine the effects of conflict on land use and land cover over a long time span. This study reveals land use and land cover changes during the Second Indochina War (1960-75) and the wars immediate and long-term effects on land use and land cover by combining an analysis of aerial and satellite photographs with fieldwork. This study concludes that the war created an abnormal situation in which a large number of people from a different ethnic group came to live amongst the original inhabitants of the research site. This led to a unique farming landscape and vast areas of forest destruction. The study also reveals that forest destruction during the war was a significant milestone in the history of the vegetation of the research site, and the vegetative landscape has still not recovered to its prewar condition. These findings, as well as the results of previous research, suggest that we need to be more conscious of the effects of war on forest degradation in Laos."