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Abstrak :
adalah salah satu penyebab penurunan performa fisik pada seseorang yang melakukan program latihan fisik jangka panjang. Kondisi overtraining dihubungkan dengan gangguan dalam regenerasi sel tubuh. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) adalah protein yang menstimulasi pertumbuhan dan proliferasi sel. IGF-I bekerja dalam regulasi aksis GH/IGF, dimana kerja IGF dipengaruhi oleh growth hormone (GH) dan insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respons tubuh terhadap latihan fisik aerobik overtraining dengan menganalisa kadar GH, IGF-I, dan IGFBP-3, mengingat hormon dan protein ini berperan dalam regenerasi sel tubuh, khususnya otot rangka. Subjek penelitian adalah 19 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Wistar (berusia 8-10 minggu, berat 150-250 gr) yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok (satu kelompok kontrol dan dua kelompok yaitu kelompok aerobik dan kelompok aerobik overtraining yang diberikan perlakuan masing-masing selama 11 minggu). Perlakuan latihan fisik aerobik dan aerobik overtraining dilakukan dengan Animal treadmill L-6000 sebanyak lima hari dalam seminggu. Setelah hari terakhir perlakuan, seluruh hewan coba dikorbankan. Serum darah diambil dengan cara pungsi jantung. Kadar GH, IGF-I, dan IGFBP-3 dalam serum diukur dengan metode ELISA dan data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan one way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc. Hasil pemeriksaan ELISA menunjukkan kadar IGFBP-3 yang lebih rendah secara signifikan pada kelompok aerobik overtraining dibandingkan dengan kelompok aerobik, sementara tidak ada perbedaan kadar GH dan IGF-I pada ketiga kelompok. Kadar IGFBP-3 dalam serum dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai penanda biologis kondisi overtraining. ......Overtraining is one of the causes of decline in physical performance in long-term physical exercise program. Overtraining is associated with impaired regeneration of body cells. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a stimulator of cell growth and proliferation. IGF act based on the GH/IGF axis, which mean IGF-I act is regulated by growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). This study purpose is to determine the body's response to aerobic overtraining exercise by analyzing the levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) as those hormone and proteins play a role in the regeneration of body cells, especially skeletal muscle cells. Subjects were 19 white male rats of the Wistar strain (8-10 weeks old, weight: 150-250 g) were divided into 3 groups (one control group and two groups of aerobic and aerobic overtraining group both were given treatment for 11 weeks). Aerobic exercise and aerobic overtraining exercise treatment were conducted five days a week using Animal treadmill L-6000. After the last day of treatment, all experimental animals were sacrificed. Blood serum collected by cardiac puncture. Levels of GH, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in serum were measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc test. ELISA results showed significant lower levels of IGFBP-3 in aerobic overtraining group compared to the aerobic group, while there was no difference in the levels of GH and IGF-I in all groups. IGFBP-3 levels in the serum may be a suitable as biological markers for overtraining condition.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Kejadian stunting di Indonesia masih tergolong tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan standar yang ditetapkan oleh World Health Organization (WHO). Menurut beberapa penelitian terdahulu, stunting dapat menyebabkan kelainan email dan keterlambatan erupsi gigi permanen. Telah dilaporkan adanya hubungan antara status gizi stunting dengan penurunan kadar IGF-1, serta hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan pertumbuhan gigi terkait dengan perkembangan email dan erupsi gigi. Pengukuran kadar IGF-1 biasanya dilakukan dengan menggunakan IGF-1 darah. Diketahui bahwa saliva mengandung biomarker yang terkandung di dalam darah, termasuk IGF-1, dalam kuantitas yang lebih rendah. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 saliva dengan kelainan email dan waktu erupsi gigi pada anak stunting usia 6-8 tahun. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasi laboratorium dengan menggunakan 40 sampel saliva yang diambil dari sediaan biologis tersimpan dari penelitian tahun 2019 pada populasi siswa/i sekolah dasar (SD) kelas 1-2 Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur yang telah dikelompokkan berdasarkan status gizi stunting dan normal. Sampel saliva diuji menggunakan ELISA kit human IGF-1 untuk melihat kadar IGF-1. Kelainan email dinilai dengan cara menghitung jumlah gigi yang mengalami kelainan pada mahkota serta waktu erupsi gigi dinilai dengan menghitung jumlah gigi permanen yang telah erupsi. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS. Hasil: Kadar IGF-1 saliva pada anak status gizi normal 7,50 ng/ml dan pada anak stunting 5,64 ng/ml. Proporsi IGF-1 terhadap total protein pada anak status gizi normal 1,04×10-2 dan pada anak stunting 8,96×10-3. Rata-rata jumlah gigi yang mengalami kelainan mahkota pada anak berstatus gizi normal 2,94 gigi dan pada anak dengan status gizi stunting 1,17 gigi. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada jumlah gigi dengan kelainan mahkota antara anak bestatus gizi normal dan stunting (p < 0,05). Rata-rata jumlah erupsi gigi permanen pada anak berstatus gizi normal 8,29 gigi dan pada anak stunting adalah 8,04 gigi. Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan jumlah erupsi gigi permanen antara anak berstatus gizi normal dan berstatus stunting (p > 0,05). Terdapat korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan status gizi anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,147), korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan jumlah kelainan mahkota gigi anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,219), terdapat korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antar kadar IGF-1 dengan jumlah erupsi gigi permanen anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,074). Kesimpulan: Pada anak stunting usia 6-8 tahun yang secara tidak signifikan memiliki kadar IGF-1 saliva lebih rendah dan waktu erupsi lebih lambat dibandingkan anak normal tetapi erlihat frekuensi kelainan email yang lebih tinggi. Pada kelompok sampel demikian, tidak terlihat hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 saliva dengan kelainan email dan keterlambatan waktu erupsi gigi permanen. ......Background: The incidence of stunting in Indonesia is still relatively high when compared to the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to several previous studies, stunting can cause enamel defects and delayed tooth eruption. It has been reported that there is a relationship between stunting nutritional status and decreased IGF-1 levels, as well as a relationship between IGF-1 levels to enamel development and tooth eruption. Measurement of IGF-1 levels is usually done using serum IGF-1. Saliva contains biomarkers that is circulating in the blood, including IGF-1, but in much lower quantities. Objective: Analyzing the relationship between IGF-1 levels in saliva with enamel defects and the time of tooth eruption in stunted children aged 6-8 years. Method: This research was a laboratory observation study using 40 saliva samples taken from stored biological samples from a 2019 study on a population of elementary school students class 1-2 Nangapanda District, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara which has been grouped based on stunting and normal nutritional status. Saliva samples were tested using the human IGF-1 ELISA kit to see the levels of IGF-1. Enamel defects were assessed by counting the number of teeth with crown defects and the time of tooth eruption was assessed by counting the number of erupted permanent teeth. The data were then analyzed using the SPSS software. Result: Salivary IGF-1 levels in children with normal nutritional status were 7.50 ng/ml and 5.64 ng/ml in stunted children. The proportion of IGF-1 to total protein in children with normal nutritional status was 1.04×10-2 and in stunted children was 8.96×10-3. The average number of teeth with crown defects in children with normal nutritional status was 2.94 teeth and in stuntedchildren was 1.17 teeth. There was a significant difference in the number of teeth with crown defects between normal and stunted children (p < 0.05). The average number of permanent tooth eruptions in children with normal nutritional status was 8.29 teeth and in stunted children was 8.04 teeth. There was no significant difference in the number of permanent tooth eruptions in children with normal nutritional status and stunting (p > 0.05). There was a weak positive correlation that was not significant between IGF-1 levels and the nutritional status of children aged 6-8 years (r = 0.147), a weak positive correlation that was not significant between IGF-1 levels and the number of dental crown defects (r = 0.219), and a correlation between IGF-1 levels and the number of permanent teeth eruption (r = 0.074). Conclusion: Stunted children aged 6-8 years old tend to show not significant lower IGF-1 level and delayed tooth eruption compared to normal children but had significant lower frequency of enamel defect. In such samples no significant relationship between salivary IGF-1 level and tooth eruption time could be seen.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Prevalensi Stunting di Indonesia masih lebih tinggi dari yang ditetapkan oleh WHO. Stunting menyebabkan defisit pertumbuhan fisik anak untuk usianya, serta defisit kinerja kognitif dan akademik jangka pendek maupun jangka Panjang. Telah dilaporkan adanya hubungan antara kondisi stunting dengan penurunan kadar IGF-1, serta hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan perkembangan kognitif. Pengukuran kadar IGF-1 yang dikaitkan dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan lazim dilakukan pada IGF-1 darah. Diketahui bahwa saliva mengandung biomarker yang terkandung di dalam darah, termasuk IGF-1, dalam kuantitas yang jauh lebih rendah. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 saliva dengan kemampuan kognitif dan status gizi stunting pada anak-anak usia 6-8 tahun. Metode: Sampel saliva merupakan sediaan biologis tersimpan dari penelitian tahun 2019 pada populasi siswa/i sekolah dasar (SD) kelas 1-2 Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur yang telah dikelompokan berdasarkan status gizi stunting dan normal. Sampel saliva diuji menggunakan Bradford assay untuk melihat jumlah total proteinnya, setelah itu sampel diuji menggunakan ELISA kit human IGF-1 untuk melihat kadar IGF-1. Perkembangan kognitif dinilai berdasarkan skor Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini, total protein saliva anak normal 824,47 mg/ml dan pada anak stunting 879,45 mg/ml. Kadar IGF-1 saliva anak normal 7,50 ng/ml dan pada anak stunting 5,64 ng/ml. tidak berbeda bermakna. Proporsi IGF-1 terhadap total protein anak normal 1,04×10-2 dan pada anak stunting 8,96×10-3. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan proposi kadar IGF-1 saliva antara anak normal dan stunting (p>0,05), dan antara skor perkembangan kognitif anak normal 4,53 dan pada anak stunting 3,04. Korelasi antara variabel adalah sebagai berikut: korelasi positif sangat lemah antar kadar IGF-1 dengan status gizi (r=0,147), korelasi positif sangat lemah antar skor perkembangan kognitif dengan status gizi (r=0,192), tidak ada korelasi antar kadar IGF-1 dengan skor perkembangan kognitif (r=-0,034). Kesimpulan: Pada anak stunting usia 6-8 tahun yang kadar IGF-1 saliva dan perkembangan kognitifnya tidak berbeda bermakna dengan anak normal, masih terlihat bahwa kondisi stunting berhubungan dengan penurunan kognitif, dan bahwa penurunan kadar IGF-1 saliva dapat mengindikasikan kondisi stunting tetapi tidak berhubungan dengan penurunan perkembangan kognitifnya. ......Background: The prevalence of Stunting in Indonesia is still higher than what had been determined by WHO. In addition to a deficit in a child's stature for their age, stunting has also been associated with short- and long-term deficit in cognitive and academic performance. It had been reported that there were corelations between stunting with decreased IGF-1 level and cognitive impairment. The measurement of IGF-1 level in these studies were taken from blood. Saliva contains significantly lower concentration of biomarkers that are present in blood. Objective: Analyzing the relationship between salivary IGF-1 levels with cognitive abilities and nutritional status in stunted children aged 6-8 years. Method: Saliva were taken from stored biological specimen derived from a research in 2019 at students grades 1-2 elementary schools in Nangapanda, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara, and then grouped based on stunting and normal nutritional status. Saliva samples were tested using the Bradford assay to measure the total amount of protein, the levels of IGF-1 were tested using the human IGF-1 ELISA. The cognitive development scores were measured using Raven Colored Progressive Matrices. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Result: In this study, total protein in normal children 824,47 mg/ml and in stunted children 879,45 mg/ml. Salivary IGF-1 levels in normal children 7,50 ng/ml and in stunted children 5,64 ng/ml. Proportion Salivary IGF-1 to total protein in normal children 1,04×10-2 and in stunted children 8,96×10-3. There was no significant difference between normal and stunted children. Cognitive development scores in normal children 4,53 and in stunted children 3,04. The correlations between variables were as follows: very weak positive correlation between IGF-1 levels and nutritional status (r=0.147), very weak positive correlation between cognitive development scores and nutritional status (r = 0.192), no correlation between IGF-1 levels and cognitive development scores (r = - 0.034). Conclusion: In stunted children aged 6-8 years whose salivary IGF-1 levels and cognitive development score were not significantly different from normal children, there was still an indication that stunting was associated with cognitive decline, and that a decrease in salivary IGF-1 levels could develop stunting conditions but was not associated with decline in cognitive development.