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Abstrak :
Are international courts effective tools for international governance? Do they fulfill the expectations that led to their creation and empowerment? Why do some courts appear to be more effective than others, and do so such appearances reflect reality? Could their results have been produced by other mechanisms? This book evaluates the effectiveness of international courts and tribunals by comparing their stated goals to the actual outcomes they achieve. Using a theoretical model borrowed from social science, the book assesses their effectiveness by analysing key empirical data.

Abstrak :

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ABSTRACT
Forum shopping, which consists of strategic forum selection, parallel litigation and serial litigation, is a phenomenon of growing importance in international adjudication. Preliminary objections (or a party's placement of conditions on the existence and development of the adjudicatory process) have been traditionally conceived as barriers to adjudication before single forums. This book discusses how adjudicators and parties may refer to questions of jurisdiction and admissibility in order to avoid conflicting decisions on overlapping cases, excessive exercises of jurisdiction and the proliferation of litigation. It highlights an emerging, overlooked function of preliminary objections: transmission belts of procedure-regulating rules across the 'international judiciary'. Activating this often dormant, managerial function of preliminary objections would nurture coordination of otherwise independent and autonomous tribunals.

Abstrak :
More and more environmental cases are being heard and decided by international courts and tribunals which lack special environmental competence. This situation raises fundamental questions of legitimacy of the environmental practice of international courts. This book addresses inter alia questions of who has legal standing to bring an environmental claim before an international court, on which legal norms is the case decided and whether judges have the necessary expertise to adjudicate environmental cases of often complex nature. It analyses which challenges international courts face, which possibilities they have and which advances international judicial practice has been able to make in protecting the environment. Through the prism of legitimacy important insights emerge as to whether international courts and tribunals are fit for addressing some of the most pressing global challenges of our time

Abstrak :
Penegakana hukum internasional melalui pembentukan berbagai pengadilan internasional yang bertujuan untuk mengadili para pelaku kejahatan internasioal. Pengadilan internasional memiliki lingkup kejahatan internasional, walaupun saat ini berkembang pula variasi pengadilan internasional yaitu pengadilan campuran yang mempunyai kewenangan kejahatan nasional dan internasional. Namun, dengan adanya Pengadilan Khusus untuk Lebanon Special Tribunal for Lebanon/ STL, persepsi bahwa pengadilan internasional selalu bertujuan untuk mengadili kejahatan internasional berubah karena STL merupakan pengadilan pertama yang bertujuan sepenuhnya untuk kejahatan nasional tanpa ada unsur kejahatan internasional sama sekali. Kejahatan nasional di sini adalah mengadili pelaku terorisme dalam kasus pembunuhan perdana menteri Lebanon, Rafik Hariri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap hukum positif tertulis, termasuk meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui tujuan pembentukan STL yang dirasa janggal karena menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah kejahatan nasional STL mempunyai alasan yang kuat bagi DK PBB untuk menggunakan kewenangannya berdasarkan Bab VII Piagam PBB mengenai perdamaian dan keamanan dunia. Penelitian ini juga membahas karakteristik-karakteristik khusus STL yang membedakan dengan pengadilan-pengadilan internasional sebelumnya. Pada hasilnya, disamping adanya beberapa unsur politik, STL dibentuk karena adanya keinginan pemerintah Lebanon untuk mengadili pelaku pembunuhan perdana menteri Rafik Hariri melalui pengadilan yang berkarakter internasional dan independen. ......The purpose of enforcement of international law through the establishment of international courts is to try the criminals of international crimes. The international courts have the jurisdiction of international crimes, despite today rsquo s development of various international tribunals such as the hybrid courts that have the jurisdiction both international and national crimes. However, the existence of Special Tribunal for Lebanon gives the perception that international courts have always aimed to try the international crimes criminals has changed because STL is the first international court that aims fully to try the national crimes without any international crimes element. The national crimes under STLs jurisdiction is to prosecute and investigate the assassination of former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri. This paper uses juridical normative method which uses written applicable laws and literatures, with the aim to get to know the aim of STL establishment as to be assumed peculiar as it incurs the question whether the national crimes under STL jurisdiction have the strong reasons for the UN Security Council to use its authority under Part VII of UN Charter regarding international peace and security. This paper also explains the STL rsquo s special characteristics that distinguish with the previous international courts. The results shows that despite the political instruments, STL was established as the request of the Lebanese government to prosecute the criminals of the assassination of former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri by establishing a tribunal that has impartial and international characters.