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Abstrak :
Pembahasan mengenai peran Bank Dunia sebagai aktor pembangunan internasional berkembang sejak diperkenalkannya institusi tersebut pada Konferensi Bretton Woods pada 1944. Kehadirannya memunculkan kajian pembangunan internasional yang memperdebatkan peran Bank Dunia sebagai aktor sentral melalui mekanisme pinjaman dan publikasi pengetahuan pembangunan internasional. Tinjauan pustaka ini berupaya untuk memetakan dan merangkum ragam pandangan dari 44 literatur internasional, yang telah melalui proses peer-review dan relevan dalam pembahasan mengenai Bank Dunia sebagai aktor pembangunan internasional. Tinjauan pustaka ini dibuat dengan metode taksonomi dan berusaha menjawab rumusan masalah, yakni bagaimana perkembangan literatur mengenai peran Bank Dunia sebagai aktor pembangunan internasional? Pemetaan literatur menunjukkan adanya tiga tema utama, yaitu: (1) identitas dan tata kelola Bank Dunia; (2) perkembangan diskursus pembangunan Bank Dunia; dan (3) implementasi kebijakan Bank Dunia di negara-negara berkembang. Melalui tema-tema tersebut, tinjauan pustaka ini berupaya menelusuri konsensus, perdebatan, dan kesenjangan yang terdapat dalam topik ini secara luas, seperti dominasi pemangku kepentingan tertentu dalam tata kelola Bank Dunia dan dampak multidimensional dari kebijakan pembangunan. Tinjauan pustaka ini menghasilkan temuan bahwa literatur mengenai Bank Dunia sebagai aktor pembangunan internasional menyajikan argumentasi yang berbasis pada pendekatan HI, khususnya ekonomi politik internasional, dan kajian pembangunan internasional, serta didominasi oleh pembahasan mengenai implementasi kebijakan seperti strucutral adjustment program. Tulisan ini kemudian merekomendasikan eksplorasi penelitian terhadap topik-topik pembangunan internasional yang melibatkan institusi internasional dan negara-negara berkembang dalam periode kontemporer, serta mendorong pemerintah Indonesia untuk melakukan evaluasi dan kritik terhadap kebijakan pembangunan internasional. ......Since its establishment at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, there have been discussions about the World Bank as an international development actor. International development studies debate how the World Bank positions itself as a central actor through lending mechanisms and development-related research publications. Therefore, this literature review seeks to map and summarize the views of 44 peer-reviewed international literature, which provide relevant discussions about the World Bank as an international development actor. Based on the taxonomy method, this paper attempts to answer the formulation of the main problem, namely, how are works of literature regarding the role of the World Bank as an international development actor developed? The literature mapping shows that there are three main themes, namely: (1) the identity and governance of the World Bank; (2) the development of the World Bank's development discourses; and (3) the implementation of World Bank policies in developing countries. Through these themes, this literature review seeks to broadly explore the consensus, debate, and gaps in this topic, such as the domination of certain stakeholders in the governance of the World Bank and the multidimensional impact of development policies. This paper found that works of literature on the World Bank as an international development actor present arguments based on the main approaches to international relations, especially in the realm of international political economy, international development studies, and are dominated by discussions on policy implementation, such as structural adjustment programs. This paper then recommends exploring research on international development topics involving developing countries and encouraging the Indonesian government to participate in knowledge production of development topics and critically reviewing developmental policies.

Abstrak :
Swiss merupakan salah satu negara anggota Development Assistance Committee yang kerap melakukan bantuan luar negeri. Terkait pembangunan internasional berkelanjutan bidang manajemen air, Pemerintah Swiss juga telah melaksanakan berbagai program secara mandiri melalui badan-badan pemerintah yang mereka miliki seperti the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). Kehadiran aktor privat dalam hubungan internasional kemudian memicu dilaksanakannya public-private partnership (PPP) dalam program-program pembangunan internasional Pemerintah Swiss. Dalam bidang manajemen air itu sendiri, SDC melaksanakan PPP dengan Nestlé dalam program More Coffee Less Water di Vietnam dan program SuizAgua di Peru. Meskipun PPP dipercaya mampu meningkatkan efisiensi dan kualitas suatu program, keterlibatan Nestlé menimbulkan sebuah pertanyaan karena adanya orientasi kebijakan dalam hal manajemen air yang cenderung berbeda dengan Swiss. Oleh karena itu, penulis menggunakan teori Rational Choice untuk memahami alasan di balik dilibatkannya Nestlé dalam program More Coffee Less Water dan SuizAgua. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode survei literatur terhadap sumber-sumber sekunder, penulis menemukan bahwa SDC dan Nestlé sama-sama memiliki kepentingan yang pada akhirnya menjadikan pelaksanaan PPP dalam kedua program tersebut pilihan yang paling rasional bagi mereka. ......Switzerland is one of the Development Assistance Committee’s member countries which often provides international aid. In regards to sustainable international development within the water management field, the Swiss government has executed several independent programs through its federal bodies such as the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). Furthermore, the presence of private actors in international relations has triggered the use of public-private partnerships (PPP) in said programs. Within the water management field itself, SDC has conducted two PPPs with Nestlé in the More Coffee Less Water program in Vietnam and the SuizAgua program in Peru. Although PPPs are thought to be able to increase the efficiency and quality of a program, Nestlé’s involvement raises a question because of its generally opposing water management policy orientation. Consequently, this paper utilizes the Rational Choice theory to understand the reason behind Nestlé’s involvement in More Coffee Less Water and SuizAgua. While applying a qualitative approach and utilizing a literature survey method towards secondary sources, this paper finds that both SDC and Nestlé have converging interests and therefore making PPP the most rational choice for both parties in said programs.

Abstrak :
Sejak masuknya pembangunan internasional ke dalam Studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, ia hanya dimaknai sebagai pertumbuhan ekonomi. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kajian pembangunan internasional pun berkembang dan didominasi oleh berbagai teori seperti Modernisasi, Dependensi, serta Neoklasik. Namun, kajian pembangunan internasional terlalu fokus pada ranah ekonomi sehingga tidak sadar akan signifikansi sejarah dan ketimpangan relasi kuasa global yang memengaruhi realitas negara-negara “terbelakang” yang dianggap memerlukan pembangunan. Celah ini lah yang dapat diisi oleh perspektif pascakolonialisme sebagai perspektif yang fokus menyelidiki dampak sejarah kolonialisme dan warisannya yang masih hadir dan memengaruhi pembangunan internasional saat ini. Dengan demikian, tulisan ini akan menelusuri kajian pascakolonialisme dalam pembangunan internasional dengan menjawab rumusan masalah utama yakni bagaimana perkembangan literatur akademis dalam memandang pembangunan internasional melalui perspektif pascakolonialisme? Tinjauan literatur ini menggunakan metode taksonomi untuk meninjau 26 literatur akademis terakreditasi yang pembahasannya akan dibagi berdasarkan dua tema, yaitu Eurosentrisme dalam pembangunan internasional dan persistence of colonialism dalam pembangunan internasional. Penulis kemudian akan memetakan konsensus dan perdebatan dari literatur yang ditinjau untuk menemukan sintesis. Tinjauan dan analisis penulis menghasilkan sintesis umum bahwa pembangunan internasional merupakan gagasan Eurosentris yang dalam praktiknya menyerupai kolonialisme melalui mekanisme bantuan luar negeri, Structural Adjustment Programme, ekspansi perusahaan multinasional, dan universalisme model pembangunan internasional. ......Since the introduction of international development into the field of International Relations, it has been narrowly interpreted as economic growth. Over time, the study of international development has evolved and been dominated by various theories such as Modernization, Dependency, and Neoclassical theories. However, the study of international development has been too focused on the economic realm, neglecting the significance of history and the imbalances in global power relations that affect the realities of “underdeveloped” countries requiring development. This gap can be filled by the postcolonial perspective, which focuses on investigating the historical impacts of colonialism and its enduring legacy that still influences international development today. Therefore, this paper aims to explore postcolonial perspectives in international development by addressing the main research question: how has the academic literature evolved in viewing international development through a postcolonial lens? This literature review adopts a taxonomy method to examine 26 accredited academic works, which are categorized into two major themes: Eurocentrism in international development and the persistence of colonialism in international development. The author then maps out the consensus and debates within the reviewed literature to synthesize the findings of the literature review. The author’s review and analysis result in a general synthesis that international development is a Eurocentric concept that, in practice, resembles colonialism through mechanisms such as foreign aid, Structural Adjustment Programs, the expansion of multinational corporations, and the universalism of the international development model.

Abstrak :
Tropical forest management (TFM) has become increasingly globalized since the end of the Cold War. This article examines how Cambodian forest management, long supported by international organizations, has failed. The focus here is on complicit mechanisms of international efforts in the failure of Cambodia’s forest management, rather than on well-clarified domestic politico-economic structures. Paradoxical facets of international support for Cambodia’s forest management are also elucidated. Major efforts by international stakeholders to introduce sustainable forest management (SFM) in Cambodia included projects and programs supported by the World Bank and other organizations from the 1990s to the 2000s. These included the reform of commercial logging concessions based on international standards and the introduction of community forestry based on different models. However, Cambodia continued to undergo severe deforestation in the 2010s, due to destructive timber harvesting and monoculture plantation development by groups connected with the ruling party and authoritarian states, and cash crop cultivation by local farmers, as a result of failed international efforts. Those unsuccessful efforts stemmed from dissonance among international stakeholders on how to support SFM in Cambodia and other developing countries. The failure suggests two paradoxical facets of the current globalized, pluralized TFM, particularly in developing countries like Cambodia. First, forest management in developing countries is difficult to improve as there are many stakeholders with different interests to be coordinated. Second, authoritarian political parties and states can benefit from unsuccessful TFM