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"It is a settled rule of international law that a State may not rely on the provisions of its 'internal law' as justification for failing to comply with international obligations. However, the judiciaries of most countries, including those with a high record of compliance with international norms, have increasingly felt the need to preserve the area of fundamental principles, where the State's inclination to retain full sovereignty seems to act as an unbreakable 'counter-limit' to the limitations deriving from international law. This volume explores this trend by adopting a comparative perspective, addressing the question of how conflicts between international law and national fundamental principles are dealt with and resolved within a specific legal system. The contributing authors identify common tendencies and fundamental differences in the approaches and evaluate the implications of this practice for the future of the principle of supremacy of international law."

"Kerangka hukum nasional telah menjamin hak atas kebebasan beragama dan berkeyakinan (KBB) di Indonesia. Untuk menguatkan visi perlindungan hak sipil politik, terutama KBB, Indonesia juga telah meratifikasi norma HAM internasional, yaitu International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) pada tahun 2005. Namun, berbagai pelanggaran hak atas KBB terus terjadi. Dengan menggunakan konsep domestic salience on international norms, tesis ini berusaha untuk melihat masalah-masalah dalam implementasi norma KBB internasional di Indonesia, terutama pasca proses ratifikasi ICCPR. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu studi kasus tunggal dengan pendekatan interpretivis dan konstruksionis. Tesis ini memiliki tiga argumen penting untuk menjelaskan masalah dalam implementasi norma KBB internasional di Indonesia. Pertama, implementasi sebuah norma HAM internasional di sebuah negara sangat dipengaruhi oleh konteks historiografi dan demografi politik Kedua, peran Indonesia sebagai aktor penyebar norma KBB di Indonesia dapat dikatakan lemah. Hal ini didasari pada proses institusionalisasi dan sosialisasi norma KBB yang memiliki masalah kompleks, terutama dalam penyesuaian nilai universal ke dalam konteks domestik. Ketiga, masalah dalam implementasi norma KBB internasional di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh peningkatan aktifitas aktor politik agama konsevatif. Untuk menguatkan argumen tersebut, penulis mengambil studi kasus terkait pelanggaran hak atas KBB Komunitas Syiah di Kabupaten Sampang, Madura, Jawa Timur.

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The national legal framework guarantee Indonesian have a right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB). To strengthen the vision of protecting civil and political rights, in 2005, Indonesia has ratified international human rights norms, the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). However, violations of FoRB remain occur with a dynamic number of violations. This thesis analyzed this issue using the concept of domestic salience on international norms to examine the problems in the implementation of FoRB norms in Indonesia, especially after the ICCPR ratification process. The research method used in this research is a single case study with an interpretivist and constructionist approach. This thesis has three important arguments to explain this issue. First, the implementation of an international human rights norm in a country is strongly influenced by the context of historiography and political demography. Second, Indonesia's role as an actor disseminating FoRB norms in Indonesia can be considered weak. That statement based on the process of institutionalization and socialization of FoRB norms which have complex problems in the adjustment of universal values into the domestic context. Third, problems in implementing international FoRB norms in Indonesia are influenced by the increased activity of conservative religious political actors. To strengthen this argument, the author took a case study related to the violation of the right to FoRB experienced by the Shia Community in Sampang Regency, Madura, East Java. "

"Tesis ini menganalisis tentang studi kasus aneksasi Timor Timur dan jejaring advokasi transnasional, the East Timor and Indonesia Action Network (ETAN dengan menggunakan konsep pola bumerang (Keck dan Sikkink, 1998) dan siklus hidup norma (Finnemore dan Sikkink, 1998). Tesis ini menyimpulkan bahwa norma yang diinternalisasi tidak dapat berjalan dikarenakan adanya benturan antara norma internasional dan struktur domestik. Benturan ini terjadi ketika norma internasional yang menghendaki hak untuk menentukan nasib sendiri ditantang pada kepentingan negara untuk menjaga kedaulatan. Oleh sebab itu, aktor transnasional membutuhkan kemampuan non-material yakni, kekuatan diskursus untuk melawan nilai dan norma yang dianggap tidak sejalan dengan kesepakatan internasional. Selain itu, juga dibutuhkan satu mekanisme yang simultan antara aktor domestik dan transnasional untuk menekan dan mempengaruhi kebijakan maupun perilaku negara.

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This thesis analyzes the study case of East Timor annexation and transnational advocacy network, the East Timor and Indonesia Action Network (ETAN) by using the concept of boomerang pattern (Keck and Sikkink, 1998) and norm lifecycle (Finnemore and Sikkink, 1998). This thesis concluded that internalized or cascading norms may eventually fail to reach because of the clash between international and domestic structure. These norms clash occur when the right of self-determination is challenged by the norm of state sovereignty. Hence, transnational actors need the immaterial capability as power in discourse to counter the existing logic of appropriatness and also by creating a simultaneous mechanism between domestic and transnational actors to pressure and influence on policy change and state behavior."