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"Banyak wanita ingin merasakan menjadi ibu dan menikmatinya (Donelson, 1999). Lebih lanjut Donelson (1999) menjelaskan bahwa terdapat beberapa stereotipe sosial yang mengatakan bahwa menjadi seorang ibu adalah pencapaian utama seorang wanita. Banyak hal yang mendasari seorang wanita ingin menjadi seorang ibu, namun tidak semua wanita beruntung untuk memiliki anak. Tidak memiliki anak tanpa direncanakan (Involuntary childlessness) bisa diartikan sebagai bentuk ketidakmampuan seseorang secara fisik, misalkan infertilitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana seorang wanita yang tidak memiliki anak tanpa direncanakan (Involuntary childless) mampu melakukan penerimaan diri meskipun tekanan yang mereka hadapi cukup besar. serta bagaimana kondisi penerimaan diri-nya tersebut. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori faktor-faktor penerimaan diri dari Hurlock. Peneliti akan mencoba mencari tahu apakah ketidakhadiran anak dalam perkawinan dan besarnya tekanan yang dihadapi (akibat tidak hadirnya anak) dapat mempengaruhi gambaran penerimaan diri seorang wanita. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan metode kualitatif dengan metode pengambilan data melalui wawancara tiga orang wanita yang telah menikah lebih dari tiga tahun, namun belum memiliki anak. Dari hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa para wanita Involuntary childless juga mampu menerima diri namun kondisi penerimaan diri mereka berbeda-beda dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor yang berbeda pula.

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Many women do want motherhood and do enjoy it (Donelson, 1999). Furthermore, Donelson (1999) explain that there is a set of social stereotypes that tells women that being a mother is their ultimate fulfillment. There are Many reasons why a woman wants to be a mother, but not every woman can have the luck of having a child of her own. Involuntary childlessness can be defined as physically disability, such as infertility. The purpose of the research was to see how involuntary childless women can accept herself despite of the high pressure they may encounter, and also to see how the condition of the self acceptance was. Self acceptance factors theory from Hurlock aws used in this research. Researcher will try to find out wether childlessness and the pressure that women encounter (due to childlessness conditions) may influence the self acceptance of a woman. The research was using qualitative method by interviewing three childless women who has been married for three years. The result showed that Involuntary childless women are also capable of self-accepting thus having different ways in accepting and also affected by different factors."

"ABSTRAKPemerintah mencantumkan pidana tambahan kebiri kimia pada pelaku kekerasan seksual terhadap anak dengan mengeluarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Kedua Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak, dengan dokter sebagai eksekutornya. Kebiri kimia dilakukan dengan cara memasukkan zat kimia anti-androgen ke tubuh seseorang supaya produksi hormon testosteron di tubuh mereka berkurang. Hal ini menimbulkan pro maupun kontra, karena berdasarkan efek negatif yang signifikan, dokter menolak untuk dijadikan sebagai eksekutor kebiri, dengan alasan hal tersebut bertolak belakang dengan sumpah dan etik profesinya. Walaupun begitu, pemerintah tetap menganggap dokterlah yang paling kompeten menjadi eksekutor kebiri. Menggunakan studi literatur, serta pendapat dari narasumber, peneliti bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai aspek etik dan hukum pada profesi dokter, studi berbagai negara yang menerapkan hukuman kebiri pada pelaku kekerasan seksual, dan pandangan etik dan hukum apabila dokter menjadi eksekutor kebiri. Kesimpulan: Profesi dokter sangat menjunjung tinggi perikemanusiaan. Dengan melihat efek negatif dari kebiri, serta banyaknya anggapan bahwa kebiri melanggar hak asasi manusia, maka menjadi eksekutor kebiri tidak sesuai dengan sumpah dan etik profesi dokter. Namun, menurut hierarki perundang-undangan, Perppu No. 1 Tahun 2016 memiliki kedudukan hukum lebih tinggi dibanding dengan sumpah dan Kode Etik Profesi Kedokter an Indonesia. Selain itu, prinsip hukum lex posteriori derogate legi priori berlaku. Sebagai bagian dari Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, Dokter harus tetap tunduk pada Peraturan Perundang-Undangan.

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ABSTRACTGovernment has put on the addition to the penalization for sexual offenders to the children sexual offence through penal castration, government has enacted the government regulation in lieu number 1 years 2016 regarding on the second amendment of the law number 23 years 2002 regarding the protection of the Childs, such amendment law has put medical doctor as an executor for penal castration. Chemical castration is the way of penalization by putting anti androgen to the defenders body so then the production of testosterone hormone will decrease. Such penal castration has raise am issues pros and cons , because of significant negative effects as result of the implementation of the penal, medical doctor through the doctor association has refuse the law by putting them as an executor because it is against their ethics and professional oath. Even though government still wants to implement the laws and medical doctor is the right professional to be an executor. Research methods of this thesis is based on literatures with descriptive analysis by depicting the role of medical doctor in general and as an executor for penal castration with based on the ethical and legal perspective. Furthermore, this thesis will describe the significance negative effects of the penal castration that against to ethics and professional oath. But, based on the hierarchy of laws, government regulation in lieu has higher position in the hierarchy compare to medical doctor code of ethics and their professional oath. Furthermore in vice versa, the legal argument has mentioned that medical doctor has to comply with the new laws in respect with the principle of lex posteriori derogate legi priori the law that has been promulgated later has rule out the previous laws . "

"The central problem in the study of addiction is to explain why people repeatedly behave in ways they know are bad for them. For much of the previous century and until the present day, the majority of scientific and medical attempts to solve this problem were couched in terms of involuntary behavior; if people behave in ways they do not want, then this must be because the behavior is beyond their control and outside the realm of choice. An opposing tradition, which finds current support among scientists and scholars as well as members of the general public, is that so-called addictive behavior reflects an ordinary choice just like any other and that the concept of addiction is a myth. To these polarized views of addiction, the editors and chapter authors of this volume say a plague on both your houses. There has been an increasing recognition in recent literature on addiction that restricting possible conceptions of it to either of these extreme positions is unhelpful and is retarding progress on understanding the nature of addiction and what could be done about it. This book contains a range of views from philosophy, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, and the law on what exactly this middle ground between free choice and no choice consists of and what its implications are for theory, practice, and policy on addiction. The result amounts to a profound change in our thinking on addiction and how its devastating consequences can be ameliorated."

"ABSTRACTThis article looks at the issue of enforced disappearances of migrants during their migratory journey or once they have reached their destination, a subject yet to be addressed in the literature. It examines how the legal and analytical framework provided by international human rights law and migration law applies to enforced disappearances of migrants. It then reviews the factors that contribute to this phenomenon in different contexts, including the disappearance of migrants for political reasons, those that take place in detention and deportation processes and those that take place within the context of migrant smuggling and trafficking."

"Setiap pasangan menikah biasanya menginginkan untuk memiliki anak sebagai keturunan. Namun tidak semua pasangan memiliki anak meskipun telah menikah bertahun-tahun dengan berbagai penyebab. Ketidakhadiran anak dalam perkawinan menimbulkan berbagai dampak baik dampak positif maupun negatif. Riset empiris menunjukkan bahwa pasangan yang tidak memiliki anak memiliki kualitas perkawinan yang rendah, namun sebagian riset lain menunjukkan kebalikannya. Perbedaan tersebut diasumsikan karena adanya perbedaan individu dalam memaknai pengalamannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali lebih dalambagaimana pengalaman pasangan tanpa anak dalam menjalani perkawinannya, dan bagaimana peranan konteks dalam mempengaruhi pengalamannya tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan studi fenomenologi yang menekankan pada pengalaman partisipan. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 11 orang yang telah menikah minimal selama 3 tahun dan belum pernah memiliki anak. Metode pengambilan data dilakukan denganwawancara mendalam. Hasil wawancara kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis (IPA) yang menghasilkan 8 tema pengalaman partisipan, yaitu pengalaman positif, pengalaman negatif, penerimaan, relasi dengan pasangan, relasi dengan lingkungan, relasi dengan Tuhan, konflik, dan penilaian pada perkawinan.Kesimpulan dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pasangan tanpa anak merasakan pengalaman positif maupun negatif terkait dengan kondisinya. Dengan interaksi yang positif dan dukungan sosial dari lingkungan terdekat memudahkan penerimaan terhadap ketidakhadiran anak dalam perkawinan yang pada akhirnya mempengaruhi penilaian yang positif terhadap kualitas perkawinannya.......It is such a common thought to every married couple to have children as heirs, especially in pro natalist country. Unfortunately, not every married couple could have children due to some condition, mainly infertility related. The absence of children causing both positive and negative impact to the couple. Some empirical studies showed that childless couple have a high quality married, but some studies showed the opposite result. The contradictive result assumed to be caused by the individual differences in their experiences. This study aimed to explore how involuntary childless’ experience and how these experiences affected by context. Qualitativeapproached using phenomenological study is considered to be the best approach to answer these research questions. Participants of this study were 11 individuals who considered as involuntary childless, have been married for at least 3 years and never have biological children. Data was gathered by in depth interview, and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.Result showed 8 themes including positive experience, negative experience, acceptance, spousal relation, external relation, religious relation, conflict and marital evaluation. As a conclusion, this study suggest that involuntary childless have both positive and negativeexperience due to their condition. Along with positive interaction and social support, involuntary childless develop a good coping strategies to cope and lead to an acceptance to the absence of children. Furthermore, it will affect to the evaluation of the high quality of marriage."