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"Pengamatan kadar logam berat dalam air laut di Teluk Jakarta telah dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2004. Logam berat yang diteliti adalah Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, dan Ni. Pengamatan ini ada kaitannya dengan kematian massal ikan-ikan yang terjadi di Teluk Jakarta. Pengamatan ini dilakuan di pantai Ancol 1 (3 stasiun), muara Sungai Dadap (4 Stasiun), pantai Ancol 2 (4 stasiun) dan Cilincing (3 stasiun). Hasilnya menunjukkan kadar Hg, Cd dan Cu rerata di pantai Ancol 1 berturut-turut adalah <0.001 ppm, Pb 0.001 ppm, Zn 0.004 ppm, dan Ni 0.001 ppm. Di pantai Ancol 2 kadar Hg, Cd, dan Zn rerata berturut-turut adalah <0.001 ppm, Pb 0.002 ppm, dan Cu 0.001 ppm dan Ni 0.0017 ppm. Di Cilincing kadar Hg, Cd, dan Zn rerata adalah <0.001ppm, Pb dan Cu masing-masing 0.002 ppm, dan Ni 0.0045 ppm Di muara Sungai Dadap kadar Hg dan Cd masing-masing adalah 0.001 ppm, Pb dan Zn masing-masing adalah 0.0027 ppm, Cu 0.001 ppm, dan Ni 0.0012 ppm. Di pantai Ancol 3 kadar Hg rerata adalah 0.021 ppm, Pb 0.55 ppm dan Cd 0.1 ppm. Kadar keenam logam berat tersebut di pantai Ancol 1, 2, Cilincing, dan muara Sungai Dadap relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan NAB yang ditetapkan oleh Kantor MNLH (2004) untuk biota laut yakni 0.001 ppm untuk Hg dan Cd, 0.008 ppm untuk Pb dan Cu, dan 0.05 ppm untuk Zn dan Ni, sedangkan di pantai Ancol 3 kadar Hg, Pb, dan Cd lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan NAB tersebut. Dengan demikian kadar Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, dan Ni di perairan pantai Ancol 1, 2, Cilincing dan muara Sungai Dadap belum berbahaya bagi kehidupan ikan-ikan di Teluk Jakarta, sedangkan di perairan Ancol 3 kadar Hg, Pb, dan Cd sudah berbahaya bagi kehidupan biota laut. Namun demikian kematian massal ikan-ikan di perairan ini bukan disebabkan oleh logam berat tersebut, akan tetapi oleh faktor lain yang salah satunya adalah ledakan mendadak fitoplankton beracun yang mengeluarkan toksin dimana air laut menjadi berwarna merah dan kejadian ini dikenal dengan pasang merah (red tide).

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Effect of Heavy Metals Pollution to Seawater Quality and Fishery Resources (Case Study on Fish Death in Jakarta Bay). Observation on heavy metals content in sea water were carried out in Jakarta Bay waters in May 2004. Heavy metals observed were Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni. This observation is conducted with fishes total death in this waters. Observation is done in Ancol beach 1 (3 stations), Ancol beach 2 (4 stations), Cilincing (3 stations), and Dadap River estuary (4 Station). The results showed that the average concentration of Hg, Cd and Cu in Ancol beach 1 were <0.001 ppm respectively, Pb is 0.001 ppm, Zn is 0.004 ppm, and Ni is 0.001 ppm. In Ancol beach 2 the average concentration of Hg, Cd, and Zn were <0.001 ppm, Pb is 0.002 ppm, Cu is 0.001 ppm and Ni 0.0017 ppm. In Cilincing the average concentration of Hg, Cd, and Zn were <0.001 ppm respectively, Pb and Cu were 0.002 ppm, and Ni was 0.0045 ppm. In Dadap River Estuary the average concentration of Hg and Cd were 0.001 ppm, Pb and Zn were 0.0027 ppm, Cu was 0.001 ppm, and Ni between 0.0012 ppm. The concentration of that sixth heavy metals in Ancol beach 1, 2, Cilincing, and Dadap River estuary still lower compared to the Threshold Value (TV) stated by The Office of State Ministry for Life Environment (2004) for sea biota namely 0.001 ppm for Hg and Cd, 0.008 ppm for Pb and Cd, 0.05 ppm for Zn and Ni. That way the concentration of Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni in Ancol beach 1, 2, Clilincing and Dadap estuary not danger for sea biota, while in Ancol beach 3, the average concentration of Hg, Pb, and Cd has danger for sea biota. Thereby total death of fishes in this waters not caused by heavy metals, but by others factors, one of that factors is blooming toxic phytoplankton which produced toxin where sea water change to be red, and this phenomena known as red tide."

"Penelitian mengenai struktur komunitas Polychaeta di lima muara sungai Teluk Jakarta (Muara Karang, Muara Baru, Muara Sunda Kelapa, Muara Tiram, dan Muara Tawar) telah dilakukan. Sampel diambil menggunakan Peterson Grab Sampler dari tiga stasiun di masing-masing lokasi pengambilan sampel. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi dan pencacahan sampel diperoleh 29 marga yang terdiri dari 16 marga berasal dari subkelas Errantia dan 13 marga lainnya berasal dari subkelas Sedentaria. Kapadatan Polychaeta di perairan Teluk Jakarta berkisar antara 194,22?296,30 individu/m2. Terdapat dominasi marga Capitella di Muara Tawar, dan dominasi marga Nereis di Muara Karang. Indeks keanekaragaman Polychaeta berkisar antara 0,69--2,71 dan indeks kemerataan berkisar antara 0,09- -0,97. Kesamaan marga Polychaeta antar muara bervariasi yang berkisar antara 0- -1. Sebaran Polychaeta di perairan Teluk Jakarta menunjukkan pola mengelompok.

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Research on community structure of Polychaeta in five rivermouths of Jakarta Bay (Muara Karang, Muara Baru, Muara Sunda Kelapa, Muara Tiram, and Muara Tawar) have been performed. Samples were taken by Peterson Grab Sampler from three stations at each sampling sites. Based on the identification and enumeration of samples obtained, there were 29 genera comprising, 16 genera from subclasses Errantia and 13 other genera from subclasses Sedentaria. Density of Polychaeta in Jakarta Bay ranged from 194,22 to 296,30 individu/m2. Polychaeta in Muara Tawar are dominated by the Capitella, and then Polychaeta in Muara Karang are dominated by the Nereis. Polychaeta diversity index ranged from 0,69 to 2,71 and evenness index ranged from 0,09 to 0, 97. The similarity index at Jakarta Bay ranged from 0--1. Distribution of Polychaeta in Jakarta Bay waters showed clumped patterns."

"There were noted two times (May and November 2004), fish mass mortality occurred in the coast of the Jakarta Bay,killing several species of small and big fishes, crustaceans, eels and molluscs. Phytoplankton blooms in the Jakarta Bayis accelerated by the high input of nutrients, which caused eutropication of the Bay water. Analysis of water sampleshowed in st 1 (Marina coast) showed that phytoplankton abundance was of 2.9 x 106 cells/l-1 , the common diatomspecies recorded at that time were: Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira mala, Bacteriastrum varians, Chaetocerospseudocurvisetus, Nitzschia sigma, Coscinodiscus radiatus. Of the which: Skeletonema costatum 1.8 x106 cells/l-1 ; inst. 3 Binaria lake was the most a common diatoms species found in the Jakarta Bay. This species frequently bloom,especially after rainfall, causing no harm to marine life, the second diatoms Thalassiosira mala 2.8 x 106 cells/l-1 (st 4Carnaval coast), during this decade in more often frequencies. The second largest group was represented by fourdinoflagellates species: Prorocentrum micans, Protoperidinium sp., Ceratium furca and Gonyaulax sp., and one speciesdominated of dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans 2.3 x 106 cells/l-1 (in the Dadap coast). P. micans is also commonspecies of the Jakarta Bay. Hydrological conditions in May and November 2004 are, temperature 32 – 33 oC, pH 7.76to 7. 92, Salinity 32 ‰, Dissolved oxygen 3.88 to 4.26 mg/l, Phosphate 0.10 – 0.40 µg-at-P l-1 , Nitrate 0.01 to 0.03µg-at-N l-1 . The result suggests that phytoplankton distributes in wider areas than expected and monitoring of itsoccurrence in Indonesian waters is necessary to prevent harmful effects of such bloom."

"The purpose of this study is to get information about river that has the greatest contribution to cause Pb pollution in the Jakarta Bay....."

"A survey on heavy metal content in seawater and sediment was conducted in Jakarta bay in May and October 2004.There is indication of significant presence of heavy metal in sediment...."

"Distribution of chlorophyll-A and its relation with eotrophication in Jakarta bay . Eutrophication has been recognized as a serious problem in estuarine systems for many years....."

"ABSTRACTHigh anthropogenic activity in Jakarta Bay is believed to contribute a fairly high contamination as evidenced by microbial contaminants such as Coliform and Escherichia coli. The high density of Coliform and E. coli indicators of domestic contamination in Jakarta Bay as a result of an increase in the resident number who bring the flow of water to the springhead of the Jakarta Bay. It can be said that the polluted waters of Jakarta Bay and marine biota should be cultivated in this area as green shell should not consumed, because it can infect and cause gastrointestial disease. For that purpose, a research of microbial pollutants was conducted in Jakarta Bay in July 2015, and the results showed a very high density, expecially in the West."

"Jumlah penduduk JABOTABEK dari tahun ke tahun terus meningkat. Pada tahun 1984 penduduk JABOTABEK berjumlah 11.925.985 jiwa dengan kepadatan 1 .751 Jiwa/km2 dan pada tahun 1994 meningkat menjadi 17.710.988 jiwa dengan kepadatan 2.532 Jiwa/km2. Kenaikan jumlah penduduk juga diikuti dengan meningkatnya Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita. Pada tahun 1984 Produk Domestik Regional Bruto per Kapita JABOTABEK adalah Rp. 984.960.93 dan pada tahun 1994 menirlgkat menjadi kp. 4.394.168.85. Meningkatnya Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (PDRD Per Kapita) adalah indicator meningkatnya pendapatan per kapita penduduk JABOTABEK. Meningkatnya Jumlah penduduk juga diikuti dengan meningkatnya Jumlah sampah dan volume limbah cair tahun 1984 produksi sampah di JABOTABEK berjumlah 8.622.395 m3 dari pada tahun 1994 naik menjadi 14.720.815 m3. Pada tahun 1984 volume limbah cair berjumlah 870.863.910 ribu m3 dari pada tahun 1994 meningkat men jadi 1 .366 .252.445 ribu m3. Kenaikan jumlah penduduk dan PDRB Per Kapita JABOTAbEK memperlihatkan pengaruh yang sangat kuat pada kenaikan produksi sampah per tahun dengan nilai korelasi positif sebesar 0,99591. Uji hipotesis P-test sebesar 485.83732 yang signifikan pada tingkat kepercayaan 99 %. Kenaikan jumlah penduduk dan PDRB Per Kapita JABOTABEK memperlihatkan pengaruh yang sangat kuat pada kenaikan volume limbah cair per tahun dengan nilai korelasi sebesar 0, 99657 . Uji hipotesis P test sebesar 580,4638 adalah signifikan dengan tingkat kepercayaan sebesar 99 %. Sampah dan limbah cair yang terlepas ke tanah atau masuk ke sungai dapat mencemari air sungai di JABOTABEK dan akhirnya juga air laut Teluk Jakarta. RPPL uhi Jakarta yang melakukun pemantauan kualitas air sungai di Jakarta untuk parameter COD, BOD Ammonia, Besi, Tembaga, Timah Hitam, Chromium, Nikel, Seng dan Mangan, mendapatkan baku mutu air sungai berdasarkan peraturan yang ada untuk hampir semua pareimeter telah melebihi baku mutu yang ditentukan. Kenaikan produksi sampah dan limbah cair berpengaruh pada parameter kualitas air sungai di muara sungai di Jakarta dari tahun 1984 hingga 1994 yang memperlihatkan nilai korelasi positif untuk COD sebesar 0,99234, Besi sebesar 0,58449, Seng sebesar 0,31116 dan Mandan sebesar 0,55982. Uji hipotesis Ptest memberikan nilai yang signifikan untuk COD pada tingkat kepercayaan 99%?

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The number of Jabodetabek population keeps on increasing as year went by. In 1984 JABODETABEK population was 11.925.985 tirh a density or 1.751 people/km. in 1994 is increased to 17.710.988 with a sensity or 2.532 people/km. The increase in population was followed by an increase in groos regional domestic product per capita. which in 1984 was Rp 984.960,93. In 1994 it increased to become Rp. 4.894.168,65. This increace in gross regional domestic product per capita (GRDP per kapita) is indicator 01 per capita income elevation or JABOTABEK population. The increase in the number or population was also followed by an increase in the volume of both solid and liquid wastes in JABOTABEK. In 1964, the waste produced was 8.022.395 m3 and in 1994, it increades to become 14.720.813 m3. In 1984 the volume or liquid waste wa 870.883.910 m3 and in 1994 it increased to become 1.366.252.445 thousand m3. The Influence of population number increase and per capita gross regional domestic product in JABOTABEK towards the increase in solid waste produstion per year is very strong with a positive correlation value or u. 99591. Hypothesis test with Ftest was 580.4638 and significant at the level of confidence of 99%. Whereas, the influece or population increase and per capita gross regional domestic product in JABODETABEK towards an increase in liquid wast volume per year has very strong influence also with the positive correlation value of 0.99657. Hypothesis test with ftest was 485.9373 that which is significant at the level of confidence of 99%. "

"ABSTRAKPerairan Teluk Jakarta sangat subur karena banyak sungai besar maupun kecil yang mengalir ke perairan ini dengan membawa nutrien atau zat-zat hara dari daratan kota Jakarta sehingga menjadi tempat yang sangat baik untuk para nelayan menangkap ikan. Dengan bertambahnya penduduk maka hasil buangan juga akan meningkat, sehingga akibatnya perairan akan cenderung mengalami kondisi eutrofik. Eutrofikasi merupakan suatu proses pengayaan perairan oleh zat-zat hara yang berlebihan dan berlangsung terus menerus dan ditandai oleh blooming satu jenis fitoplankton dan kekurangan zat oksigen di dekat dasar perairan. Akibat dari kondisi eutrofik ini maka sering kita jumpai kematian ikan atau biota dasar perairan secara masal.Untuk mengantisipasi masalah ini kepada masyarakat perlu digalakkan kesadaran lingkungan seperti tidak membuang sampah langsung ke badan-badan air. Perlu pula dimasyarakatkan budidaya ikan dan biota seperti kerang-kerangan.Lokasi penelitian: yaitu perairan-perairan estuarin Teluk Jakarta. Pengamatan dilakukan pada 6 titik wilayah dari barat ke timur yaitu Cengkareng, Muara Angke, Marina, Sampur, Blencong, dan Muara Gembong. Dilakukan pengambilan sampel fitoplankton dan pemeriksaan beberapa parameter hidrologi seperti suhu, salinitas, oksigen, pH, fosfat, dan nitrat. Analisis semua data dilakukan di Laboratorium Puslitbang Oseanologi-LIPI, Jakarta.Hipotesis yang diajukan adalah:1. Keragaman kelimpahan fitoplankton secara spasial dan temporal adalah sangat besar.2. Keragaman kelimpahan fitoplankton dipengaruhi oleh faktor -faktor suhu, salinitas, pH, oksigen, nitrat, dan fosfat, atau oleh kombinasi dari faktor-faktor lingkungan tersebut, dan nutrien merupakan faktor paling dominan dalam mempengaruhinya.3. Keragaman fitoplankton sangat ditentukan oleh dominasi dari marga-marga yang dominan.Ringkasan hasil penelitian adalah sbb.:Reragaman kelimpahan fitoplankton sangat bervariasi.Pada keragaman secara temporal, kelimpahan pada bulan Juli, September, dan Februari tinggi, sedangkan pada bulan Mei dan Mopember relatif rendah.Pada keragaman secara spasial, kelimpahan tinggi terjadi pada wilayah Muara Angke, Marina, dan Sampur, sedangkan kelimpahan rendah terjadi pada wilayah Cengkareng, Blencong, dan Muara Gembong.Pada setiap pengamatan terjadi blooming fitoplankton yang didominasi oleh beberapa marga yang bergantian.Pada bulan Mei 1993 kelimpahan mencapai 6,34 juta sel/m3 yang didominasi oleh Skeletonema (39 %) dan Thalassiosira (36%). Pada bulan Juli kelimpahan mencapai 22,4 juta sel/m3dimana saat itu sedang terjadi blooming Skeletonema (51%) dan blooming Thalassiosira (49%). Pada bulan September kelimpahan mencapai angka tertinggi selama penelitian yaitu 62,6 juta sel/m3. Pada saat itu terjadi blooming oleh Chaetaceros (99 %). Pada bulan Nopember kelimpahan paling rendah selama penelitian yaitu 1,5 juta sel/m3. Pada saat itu sebenarnya sedang terjadi ledakan populasi Noctiluca. Walaupun jumlahnya kecil tetapi karena ukuran setiap sel nya adalah besar yaitu dapat mencapai 2 mm maka kondisi demikian sesungguhnya sedang terjadi blooming oleh Noctiluca (58%) dan Chaetviceros sebesar 42%. Pada bulan Februari 1994 kelimpahan mencapai 14 juta sel/m3. Pada saat itu sedang terjadi blooming oleh Skeletonema {99,8 %) dan Noctiluca sebesar 0,2 %.Pola kelimpahan tampak berlawanan dengan pole curah hujan maupun pola kelimpahan di perairan P. Pari dan Teluk Jakarta secara umum. Pola kelimpahan mempunyai 2 puncak yaitu puncak ke 1 terjadi pada periode Mei-September dimana titik puncak terlihat pada bulan September (tertinggi), dan puncak ke 2 terjadi pada bulan Februari.Hubungan kelimpahan fitoplankton terhadap parameter-parameter hidrologi menunjukkan hubungan yang sangat erat (p<0,01) pada pengamatan-pengamatan bulan-bulan Mei, Nopember, dan Februari; dan hubungan erat (p<0,05) pada bulan-bulan Juli dan September. Interaksi fosfat dengan nitrat berpengaruh kuat terhadap kelimpahan fitoplankton pada bulan Mei, Nopember, dan Februari. Interaksi suhu dengan oksigen mempunyai korelasi terhadap kelimpahan fitoplankton pada bulan Juli. Interaksi suhu dengan salinitas berkorelasi kuat terhadap kelimpahan pada bulan September.Dengan tingginya limbah domestik yang masuk ke perairan Teluk Jakarta dan terbukti perairan ini selalu mengalami blooming dan bahkan kematian ikan sering terjadi menuniukkan bahwaperairan ini telah cenderung mengaiami kondisi eutrofik. Hal ini berarti di perairan sedang terjadi penurunan kualitas air karena sedang menghadapi tekanan-tekanan yang datang dari daratan.

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ABSTRACT

Spatial and Temporal Variations of The Structures of Phytoplankton Communities at The Estuary of The Jakarta BayJakarta Bay is very rich of nutrient due to many rivers which bring the nutrients to the waters from the land of Jakarta. Therefore this area become a good place for fisheries. The increasing of the domestic wastes because of the population growth, will result the tendency of the eutrophication condition. Due to this condition, sometime we face the mass mortality of fish due to the oxygen depletion condition at the bottom of the water.

In anticipation of this problem, the public should be made aware of the environmental condition: not throwing away the wastes directly to the water, and fish and benhic fauna cultures i. e. mussels, etc. should be also introduced to them.

The location of the research: are at 6 locations along the coast from the west to the east of the Jakarta Bay, namely Cengkareng, Muara Angke, Marina, Sampur, Blencong, and Muara Gembong. The samples were studies for phytoplankton and temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH, phosphate, and nitrate. All samples were analyzed at the Laboratory of Puslitbang Oceanology - LIPI, Jakarta.

The Hypothesis are

Spatial and temporal variations of phytoplankton densities were high.

The variations were influenced by temperature, salinity, pH, oxygen, nitrate, and phosphate, and the inter-action of the factors. The nutrient is the main factor for phytoplankton growth.

The variations were also strongly influenced by the dominant genera.

The summary :

The variations of phytoplankton densities were high.

For the temporal variatons, the phytoplankton densities in July, September, and February were high, while in May and November were relatively low.

For the spatial variations, the densities at Muara Angke, Marina, and Sampur were high, while at the other areas: Cengkareng, Slencong, and Muara Gembong were low.

There were always blooming which were dominated by some genera. In May, the average phytoplankton density was 6,34 million cells/.m3 where the community was dominated by Skeletonema {39%) and Thalassiasira (36%). In July, the density reached 22,4 million cells/m3 where the phytoplankton communities were dominated by Skeletonema (51%) and Thalassiosira (49%). In September, the density reached the highest value i. e. 62,6 million cell/m3. At that time Chaetoceras outbreak was occurred (99%). In November, the phytoplankton density reached the lowest value, i. e. 1,5 million cells/m3. At that time Noctiluca outbreak was occurred. Although the density was low, the size of Nactiluca is quite big (2mm in diameter).

Therefore Noctiluca outbreak (58%) occurred and was reached 14 million cells/m0. At that time the blooming of Skeletonema occurred (99,8 %) and Noctiuca was only reached 0,2 %.

The pattern of the densities of phytoplankton were in opposite to the pattern of the densities in this bay in general and the pattern of the rain fall.

The relationship of densities and environmental condition were very significant (p<0,01) in May, November, and February; and were significant (p<0,05) in July and September. Nitrate was much influenced the phytoplankton densities, while phosphate was not so. The inter-action of nitrate-phosphate was significantly influenced and positive to the growth of phytoplankton in May and February, while in November was significant and negative. The interaction temperature-oxygen was significant and negative to the phytoplankton growth in July. In September, the inter-action temperature-salinity was significant and positive to the phytoplankton growth.

As the result of high influx of domestic wastes to the water of the Jakarta Bay, the fact that the water was always in bloom condition and fish and benthic animals mortalities frequently occurred. This condition reflects the tendency of the eutrophic process. This means that the

As the result of high influx of domestic wastes to the water of the Jakarta Bay, and the fact that the water was always in bloom condition, and fish and benthic animals mortalities frequently occurred, reflects the tendency of the eutrophic process. This means that the quality of the water is worsening due to the pressure coming from the land.

References : 64 books and papers (1925-1994)."

"Teluk Jakarta memiliki potensi untuk tercemar oleh senyawa hidrokarbon mengingat letaknya yang berada dalam jalur lalu lintas pelayaran yang padat dan tempat bermuaranya sungai Ciliwung. Penetitian ini bermaksud mengetahui distribusi n-alkana dalam sedimen laut dan masing-masing stasiun di Teluk Jakarta dengan menggunakan instmmen kromatografi gas. Sampel diambil pada tanggal 24, 26, dan 28 Mei 2004 dari 6 stasiun yang tersebar di wilayah Barat, Tengah, dan Timur Teluk Jakarta yakni stasiun 1, 29, 9, IS, 17, 23. Metode petigambilan sampet sedimen dilakukan dengan metode grab (sesaat) dengan stasiun kontrol 29 diambil di tcmpat yang lebih jauh dari pantai. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini secara keseluruhan sedimen laut dari masing-masing stasiun di Teluk Jakarta menunjukkan adanya distribusi n-alkana pada rentang Cu - CM yang didominasi oleh alkana dengan jumlah atom karbon genap. Hasil analisa GC menunjukkan sedimen laut Teluk Jakarta mengandung sumber hidrokarbon alamiah yang berasal dari alga merah (rhodophyta) atau alga biru (cyanophyla).

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There are high potensial of hidrocarbon polutant in Jakarta bay, as a consequence of its location for port and estuary of Ciliwung rivers. This study wants to know distribution of n-alkana*s in each one of six stations in Jakarta bay. The date of sampling is on 24, 26, and 28 of May in 2004, using Grab method. The result point out that all of the sediment from the sampling site to be dominated by n-alkana, especialy with hidrocarbon's range C|4 - C&- The chromatogram of sedimen sample in Jakarta Bay result indicates that it contains natural hydrocarbon substances originated from red algae (rhodophyta) and blue algae (cyanophyta) species."