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"Konvensi keanekaragaman hayati pada dasarnya berisi ketentuan yang meminta negara-negara untuk melestarikan keanekaragaman hayati memanfaatkan dan mengembangkan komponen-komponennya secara berkelanjutan dan membagi keuntungan dari hasil pemanfaatan sumber daya gen secara adil dan merata. Indonesia yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati yang sangat tinggi tenyata belum memanfaatkan secara maksimal justru negara lain yang memanfaatkannya.Tulisan ini menyoroti hal tersebut dalam perspektif hubungan internasional."

"On biodiversity and environmental management in Indonesia."

"Pada tahun 2017, COP CBD menetapkan 4 kawasan laut Indonesia sebagai Kawasan Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) yaitu Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion, Raja Ampat and Northern Bird’s Head, Southern Straits of Malacca, dan Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast. Tujuan dari diadopsinya EBSAs adalah untuk berfokus pada upaya pengeloaan dan konservasi ekosistem laut. Penetapan Kawasan EBSAs ini seharusnya disambut baik oleh Pemerintah Indonesia terutama karena komitmennya dalam mensinergikan pengelolaan kawasan laut dengan mengedepankan aspek lingkungan hidup. Namun, pembangunan PLTU di Teluk Sepang yang merupakan kawasan EBSA Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast mendapatkan ijin sehingga terdapat gugatan Warga Teluk Sepang Bengkulu terhadap Gubernur Bengkulu atas pembangunan tersebut. Penelitian dengan metode yuridis normatif ini berkesimpulan bahwa pengelolaan kawasan laut Indonesia yang ditetapkan sebagai kawasan EBSAs diatur melalui PP 32 Tahun 2019 dan PP Nomor 21 Tahun 2021, namun pengaturan pengelolaan kawasan EBSAs tersebut belum memadai. Hingga saat penelitian ini dilakukan, hanya Kawasan EBSA Raja Ampat yang telah memiliki kepastian hukum sebagai kawasan konservasi. Penerapan Kebijakan pengelolaan kawasan laut Indonesia yang ditetapkan sebagai Kawasan EBSAs masih lemah. Putusan Hakim hanya menyandarkan pada kerugian faktual sebagai syarat adanya kepentingan sehingga hakim belum menilai pokok perkara. Apabila hakim mempertimbangkan sampai pada pokok perkara, penelitian ini menyarankan hakim untuk mempertimbangkan EBSA sebagai soft law sebagai dasar pertimbangan hukum dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap Kawasan EBSA tersebut.

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In 2017, COP CBD designated 4 Indonesian marine areas as Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) namely Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion, Raja Ampat and Northern Bird's Head, Southern Straits of Malacca, and Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast. The adoption of EBSAs is to focus on efforts to manage and conserve marine ecosystems. The determination of the EBSAs area should be welcomed by the Government of Indonesia, especially because of Indonesia’s commitment to synergize the management of marine areas by prioritizing environmental aspects. However, the construction of the PLTU in Sepang Bay, which is in the EBSA Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast area, received a permit so there was a lawsuit from the Bengkulu residents of Sepang Bay against the Bengkulu Governor for the development. By using the normative juridical method, this study concludes that the management of Indonesian marine areas designated as EBSAs was regulated through Government Regulation Number 32 of 2019 and Government Regulation Number 21 of 2021. Management of the EBSAs area through those regulations was not adequate. At the time this study was conducted, only the Raja Ampat EBSA Area had legal certainty as a conservation area. The implementation of policies for managing Indonesian marine areas designated as EBSAs was still weak. The judge's decision only relied on factual losses as a condition of interest so the judge had not assessed the subject matter of the case. This study suggests the judge consider EBSA as a soft law as the basis for legal considerations in providing protection for the EBSA Area when the judge considers getting to the point of the case"

"Sebagai negara yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati dan sumberdaya genetik yang tinggi, Indonesia memiliki kepentingan mengatur perlindungan dan pemanfaatannya. Ratifikasi berbagai peraturan internasional mengharuskan Indonesia menyesuaikan demi implementasi yang baik. Skripsi ini membahas tentang keadaan hukum Indonesia dan titik beratnya dalam perlindungan dan pemanfaatan keanekaragaman hayati dan sumberdaya genetik di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui arah Indonesia dalam menerapkan kebijakan perlindungan dan pemanfaatan keanekaragaman hayati, sumberdaya genetik dan pengetahuan terkait pemanfaatan sumberdaya tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa Indonesia belum memilih titik berat dalam membuat peraturan mengenai keanekaragaman hayati dan sumberdaya genetik.

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As a country with high biodiversity and genetic resources, Indonesia has an interest in regulating its protection and utilization. The ratification of various international regulations requires Indonesia to adapt for good implementation. This thesis discusses the state of Indonesian law and its emphasis on the protection and utilization of biodiversity and genetic resources in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to know the direction of Indonesia in implementing the policy of protection and utilization of biodiversity, genetic resources and knowledge related to the utilization of these resources. This research uses normative juridical research method. From this study it is known that Indonesia has not chosen the center of gravity in making regulations on biodiversity and genetic resources."

"Sumberdaya genetik merupakan bagian dari keanekaragaman hayati. Sumberdaya genetik itu sendiri adalah  komponen yang sangat penting bagi keberlangsungan hidup manusia. Indonesia, merupakan salah satu negara dengan keanekaragaman hayati terbesar di dunia. Sumberdaya genetik ini perlu dimanfaatkan sebesar-besarnya untuk kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan rakyat. Maka dari itu, diperlukan adanya pengaturan agar tidak terjadi kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan sumberdaya genetik yang dapat menghancurkan keberadaan sumberdaya genetik itu sendiri dan agar bisa sesuai dengan kebutuhan rakyat Indonesia. Tujuan dari dibuatnya penelitian ini adalah agar dapat dianalisis, apakah pengaturan yang ada terkait dengan sumberdaya genetik sudah sesuai atau tidak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif, yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap hukum positif tertulis, termasuk meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder dengan tujuan untuk menemukan peraturan-peraturan yang terkait dengan sumberdaya genetik. Hasil analisis terhadap pengaturan mengenai konservasi dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya genetik di Indonesia tidaklah sesuai dengan asas-asas pengelolaan sumberdaya alam Indonesia menurut Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia. Dikarenakan pengaturan terkait dengan konservasi dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya genetik sudah tidak sesuai lagi, maka diperlukan penyesuaian terhadap pengaturan yang ada, agar konservasi dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya genetik di Indonesia dapat digunakan sesuai dengan manfaat yang seharusnya.

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Genetic resources are part of biodiversity. Genetic resources themselves are components that are very important for human life. Indonesia, is one of the countries with the greatest biodiversity in the world. This genetic resources needs to be utilized to the maximum extent for the prosperity and welfare of the people. Therefore, regulations are needed to prevent activites related to genetic resources that can destroy the existence of genetic resources themselves and to be able to meet the needs of the people of Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to be able to analyze whether the existing arrangements related to genetic resources are appropriate or not This research is a normative juridical research, namely research conducted on written positive law, including researching library materials or secondary data with the aim of finding regulations related to genetic resources. The results of the analysis of regulation regarding the conservation and use of genetic resources in Indonesia are not in accordance with the principles of management of Indonesias natural resources according to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Because regulation related to conservation and use of genetic resources are no longer appropriate, adjustments to existing arrangements are needed, so that conservation and use of genetic resources in Indonesia can be used in accordance with the intended benefits."

"Jagakarsa is one of "the water catchment areas" in Jakarta that has green open space. The elements and design of the green open space are very important to be studied, in relation to the occurrence of the wild animal particularly birds in this area. The tittle of this study is "A study on biodiversity of green open space in Jagakarsa water catchment area". The report was divided into two sub tittles: "Vegetation structure and composition at the green open space of water catchment area in Jagakarsa", and "Bird inventory at the green open space of water catchment area in Jagakarsa". The objectives of this study are to examine the structure and composition of the vegetation related to the occurrence of birds in the green open space.The study was conducted from July to December 1999 by compiling both primary and secondary data. The study area was divided into four categories; home garden, green belt along the river, cemetery area (modern and traditional), and urban forests.The highest diversity of vegetation was found in home garden, which was consisted of fruits, and plants used as house fence. Over half of plantin species at home garden are ornamental plant. Beside that, heterogeneity plants at home garden showed higher than the other green open space in Jagakarsa, Also, home garden was managed better than the other green open space in Jagakarsa.Generally, people around the river use green belt along the river as fruit garden. Plant species diversity in those belt are lower than home garden and less managed by people. However, at the green belt along Krukut river was found the regenerated of plants. The vegetation neither ornamental nor valuable cemetery plants with urban cemetery concept was dominated by ornamental plants with high esthetical value, which has maximum height less than one meter. In the traditional cemetery, Ptumeria alba, Codeaeum variegatum, Dracaena fragrans were found dominantly planted with irregularity in patterns.There were 28 species of 18 families of birds found in this study. The highest number of species {15 species) was found at the green belt along Ciliwung River, and surrounding of Situ Babakan (14 species). Water birds were found at Ciliwung River, Kali Krukut, and Situ Babakan. Birds that living in high grasses and shrubs also found at these areas. Most of the birds found in the area are insectivore (42,86%).Vegetation is very important for bird, not only as food resources but also as a resting, sleeping, and nesting place. Fruits and flowers as food resources of insect related to the occurrence of birds were discussed in this paper.iv Habitat degadration and bird hunting are threats for the birds. Therefore, community awareness, selection of plant species, and design of vegetation pattern that fulfil the needs of bird are very important for bird conservation in urban city."

"Dinamika keanekaragaman hayati seringkali dikaitkan dengan perubahan lingkungan, termasuk kedalaman perairan, produktivitas, sifat sedimen, ketersediaan oksigen, morfologi, serta gangguan fisik lainnya. WPPNRI 573 adalah salah satu dari 11 wilayah pengelolaan perikanan di Indonesia yang memiliki karakteristik geografis dan oseanografis yang unik. Isu yang berkembang pada WPPNRI 573 antara lain eksploitasi berlebih, degradasi habitat, pencemaran dan penangkapan tidak ramah lingkungan, serta masuknya spesies invansif yang terjadi karena kurangnya wawasan dan perhatian pemerintah, serta kurangnya sumberdaya manusia dalam hal pengelolaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyajikan informasi terkait resiko ancaman kepunahan keanekaragaman hayati serta variasi morfologi yang mempengaruhinya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis spasial dan spasio-temporal dengan Red List Index sebagai model penilaian distribusi wilayah resiko keanekaragaman hayati. Sampel data keanekaragaman hayati dikumpulkan dari GBIF.org dalam rentang tahun 1989-2023. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa resiko terhadap ancaman kepunahan kehati di wilayah WPPNRI 573 cenderung rendah. Spesies lebih dominan berdistribusi secara mengelompok pada zona epipelagik dan semakin terdistribusi secara menyebar pada zona laut yang semakin dalam. Morfologi berpengaruh signifikan dalam level moderat terhadap distribusi keanekaragaman pada kategori nilai resiko ancaman yang sama. Kedalaman memiliki pengaruh yang paling besar, diikuti dengan lereng. Sedangkan orientasi, kelengkungan, dan kekasaran tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan.

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The biodiversity dynamics are often associated with environmental changes, including water depth, productivity, sediment characteristics, oxygen availability, geomorphology, and other physical disturbances. WPPNRI 573 is one of 11 fisheries management areas in Indonesia that has unique geographical and oceanographic characteristics. Issues that occurred in WPPNRI 573 include overexploitation, habitat degradation, pollution, and non-eco-friendly fishing, as well as the entry of invasive species that occur due to lack of government insight and attention, and also lack of human resources in terms of management. This study aims to present information about the risk of biodiversity extinction threats and geomorphological variations that affect it. The method used is spatial and spatial-temporal analysis with Red List Index as a model for assessing the distribution of biodiversity risk areas. Samples of biodiversity data were collected from GBIF.org between 1989 and 2023. The results revealed that the risk of biodiversity extinction in the WPPNRI 573 area tends to be low of biodiversity extinction risk status. Species are predominantly distributed in clusters in the epipelagic zone, and also dispersed in deeper marine zones. Geomorphology has a significant moderate effect on the distribution of diversity in the same threat risk value category. Depth has the most influence, followed by a slope. While aspect, curvature, and ruggedness do not have a significant effect."