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"Ketahanan ikatan resin komposit-dentin merupakan salah satu penentu keberhasilan restorasi resin komposit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis efek klorheksidin terhadap degradasi kekuatan ikat resin kompositdentin. Metode: Dua puluh empat sampel dentin yang diambil dari mahkota gigi premolar, dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yang diberikan perlakuan berbeda. Kelompok I diberi perlakuan bahan bonding tanpa klorheksidin, kelompok II diberi perlakuan klorheksidin dan bonding, kelompok III diberi perlakuan bonding mengandung klorheksidin, pada tiap kelompok dibagi menjadi 2 sub-kelompok yaitu kelompok tanpa direndam dan kelompok yang direndam NaOCl 10% selama satu jam, sehingga didapat enam sub-kelompok. Kemudian seluruh kelompok di ukur kekuatan ikat gesernya menggunakan Universal Testing Machine. Satu sampel dari setiap sub-kelompok dilakukan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Data dianalisa statistik dengan uji hipotesis Kruskal Wallis yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: rerata kekuatan ikat geser sebelum perendaman NaOCl 10% tertinggi kelompok I sedangkan rerata kekuatan ikat geser setelah perendaman NaOCl 10% tertinggi pada kelompok III. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok I terhadap kelompok II dan antara kelompok II terhadap kelompok III. Kesimpulan: Klorheksidin mempunyai efek terhadap pengurangan degradasi kekuatan ikat geser resin komposit-dentin.

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Resilience of composite resin-dentin bonding known as one of success composite resin restoration determinants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of chlorhexidine on reducing the degradation of composite resin-dentin shear bond strength.

Methods: Twenty-four premolar crowns were divided into three groups then given different treatments. Group I was treated material bonding without chlorhexidine, group II was treated with chlorhexidine and bonding, group III was treated with chlorhexidine-contained bonding. Each group was divided into two sub-groups: the group without immersion of NaOCl 10% and the group with immersion of NaOCl 10% for one hour, then it were obtained six sub-groups. After twenty-four hours, shear bond strengths measured using Universal Testing Machine. A sample of each group was photographed with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis was done by Kruskal Wallis test, then followed by Mann Whitney test to determine significance between groups.

Results: The mean value of shear bond strength before immersion of NaOCl 10% was highest on Group I, while the mean value of shear bond strength after immersion of NaOCl 10% was highest on Group III. There are significant differences between Group I with Group II and between Group II with Group III.

Conclusion: Chlorhexidine have an effect on reducing the degradation of shear bond strength of resin-dentin bonding."

"Latar Belakang : Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mampu membentuk biofilm dan banyak ditemukan pada kasus kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Tujuan : Melihat daya antibakteri kitosan dan klorheksidin terhadap E. faecalis dalam biofilm. Metode : Deteksi dan kuantifikasi E. faecalis dalam biofilm yang hidup pasca pemaparan bahan uji, dengan real time PCR. Hasil : Terdapat perbedaan jumlah bakteri yang signifikan antara kedua kelompok bahan uji terhadap kontrol (p ≤ 0,05), tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kitosan dan klorheksidin. Kesimpulan : Daya antibakteri kitosan 2% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2%.

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Background : Enterococcus faecalis has an ability to form biofilms and become a predominant bacteria that plays a major role in the etiology of persistent lesions after root canal treatment.

Aim : To analyze the efficacy of chitosan and chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilms.

Methods : Detection and quantification of E. faecalis DNA that survive and live after immersing the biofilm in antibacterial solution, with real time PCR.

Result : Statistically there is significant difference of living E. faecalis between chitosan and control and between 2% chlorhexidine and control (p ≤0,05). But there is no significant different between chitosan and chlorhexidine (p>0,05).

Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of chitosan is equal to chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilm."

"[Latar belakang. Infeksi terkait perawatan di rumah sakit, dalam hal ini InfeksiAliran Darah (IAD), merupakan masalah serius yang masih sering di jumpai.Salah satu pengendalian infeksi terkait aliran darah, seperti tehnik antiseptik untukprosedur invasif dan perawatan pada konektor memerlukan antiseptik. Pemilihanjenis antiseptik pada perawatan konektor telah banyak diketahui, penelitian inimembandingkan jenis antiseptik yang dipergunakan pada konektor infus.Tujuan. Mengetahui perbedaan efektifitas CHG 2% IPA (AC swab) dan alkohol70% (BD alcohol swab) pada konektor dalam menurunkan jumlah kolonisasibakteri .Metoda. Penelitian cross sectional pada bayi yang dirawat juni 2015 sampai juli2015 di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo unit Neonatal Jakarta. Subyek dipilihsecara simple random sampling.Hasil. Dari 60 subyek didapatkan 30 CHG 2% IPA dan 30 alkohol 70%,dilakukan scrub konektor pada kedua kelompok didapatkan hasil persentasepenurunan jumlah kolonisasi bakteri yang berbeda bermakna (t test, p = 0,038),uji kolonisasi bakteri sesudah 20 detik scrub antiseptik antara kedua kelompokantiseptik dengan p-value= 0,49 (uji Fisher?s Exact) serta uji kolonisasi bakteri 30detik dan 6 Jam setelah scrub antiseptik CHG 2% IPA (t test, p = 0,28) hasilkedua uji teraebut tidak berbeda bermaknaSimpulan. CHG 2% IPA lebih efektif dalam menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri pada konektor infus dibandingkan dengan alkohol 70%.;Background. Blood stream infection (BSI), is a serious problem that is oftenencountered. One of the BSI control is such as antiseptic techniques for invasiveprocedures and treatments on the connector requires the type of antiseptic.Selection of types of antiseptics in the treatment of connectors have a lot weknow, this study compared the kind of antiseptic used in connector infusion.Objectives. To compare the effectiveness CHG 2 % IPA (AC swab) and 70%alcohol (BD alcohol swab) as antiseptic for reducing the number of bacterial forthe hub.Methods. A cross sectional study from of infants who had hospitalized from Juni2015 until Juli 2015 in Neonatal Unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta.Subjects was selected by simple random sampling.Results. There were 60 subjects obtained 30 CHG2 % IPA and 30 alcohol 70 %,after the scrub connectors in both groups showed a percentage decrease in thenumber of bacterial colonization are significantly different (t test, p = 0.038), p=0,49 (Fisher?s Exact test) after scrub 20 second antiseptic for both groups and 30seconds and 6 hours 2 % CHG IPA after antiseptic scrub t test, p = 0.28 both testresults are not significantly different.Conclusions. 2 % CHG IPA is more effective in reducing the number of colonies bacterial compared with 70% alcohol., Background. Blood stream infection (BSI), is a serious problem that is oftenencountered. One of the BSI control is such as antiseptic techniques for invasiveprocedures and treatments on the connector requires the type of antiseptic.Selection of types of antiseptics in the treatment of connectors have a lot weknow, this study compared the kind of antiseptic used in connector infusion.Objectives. To compare the effectiveness CHG 2 % IPA (AC swab) and 70%alcohol (BD alcohol swab) as antiseptic for reducing the number of bacterial forthe hub.Methods. A cross sectional study from of infants who had hospitalized from Juni2015 until Juli 2015 in Neonatal Unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta.Subjects was selected by simple random sampling.Results. There were 60 subjects obtained 30 CHG2 % IPA and 30 alcohol 70 %,after the scrub connectors in both groups showed a percentage decrease in thenumber of bacterial colonization are significantly different (t test, p = 0.038), p=0,49 (Fisher’s Exact test) after scrub 20 second antiseptic for both groups and 30seconds and 6 hours 2 % CHG IPA after antiseptic scrub t test, p = 0.28 both testresults are not significantly different.Conclusions. 2 % CHG IPA is more effective in reducing the number of colonies bacterial compared with 70% alcohol.]"

"Latar belakang: Black stain sering ditemukan pada anak dan tingkat rekurensinya tinggi. Dibutuhkan bahan antibakteri untuk mematikan bakteri Actinomyces penyebab black stain. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces sp. setelah berkumur dengan chlorine dioxide dan klorheksidin. Metode Penelitian: Bakteri Actinomyces didapat dari plak black stain anak sebelum dan sesudah berkumur chlorine dioxide dan klorheksidin. Kemudian dilakukan uji viabilitas dengan MTT assay. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan selisih viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces sp. sebelum dan sesudah berkumur dengan chlorine dioxide dan klorheksidin. Kesimpulan: Penggunaan obat kumur chlorine dioxide menyebabkan penurunan viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces sp. yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan klorheksidin.

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Background: Black stain is often found in children and the recurrence rate is high. Antibacterial agent is needed to kill Actinomyces sp. causing black stain.

Aim: To compare Actinomyces sp. bacterial viability differences before and after rinsing with chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine.

Method: Actinomyces sp. was obtained from black stain plaque in children before and after rinsing with chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine. Bacterial viability was measured using MTT assay.

Results: Significant differences in Actinomyces sp. bacterial viability was found when rinsing with chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine.

Conclusion: Using mouthrinse containing chlorine dioxide resulted in reducing Actinomyces sp. bacterial viability."

"Tujuan: mengetahui jumlah pelepasan Bispheno-A (BPA), yakni substansi yang memiliki efek sitotoksis pada Resin Adhesif Ortodonti, setelah perendaman larutan obat kumur Klorheksidin Glukonat dan saliva buatan. Metode Penelitian: 66 lempeng silindris Resin Adhesif Ortodontik direndam dalam dua larutan berbeda yaitu , (1) Klorheksidin Glukonat dan (2) Saliva buatan. Perendaman dilakukan pada beberapa waktu berbeda yaitu, 1 jam, 7 hari, dan 30 hari. Dihitung pelepasan BPA pada kedua kelompok menggunakan metode Liquid Chromathography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Hasil: Diperoleh pelepasan BPA dari Resin Adhesif Ortodonti pada larutan obat kumur Klorheksidin Glukonat 1 jam: 0,21 ng/ml, 7 hari: 0,32 ng/ml, 30 hari: 0,78 ng/ml, sedangkan pada saliva buatan 1 jam: 0,19 ng/ml, 7 hari: 0,53 ng/ml, 30 hari: 1,41 ng/ml. Kesimpulan: Jumlah BPA yang terlepas dari Resin Adhesif Ortodonti pada perendaman larutan obat kumur Klorheksidin Glukonat dan saliva buatan selama 1 jam, 7 hari dan 30 hari, berada di bawah dosis toleransi harian BPA (< 1.52 ng/mL).

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Objective: to determine the amount of BPA, cytotoxic substance found in orthodontic adhesive resin, after immersion in a solution of chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash and artificial saliva. Research Methods: 66 Orthodontic adhesive resin cylindrical plates were immersed in two different solutions: (1) Chlorhexidine Gluconate, (2) artificial saliva, for 1 hour, 7 days, 30 days. In each experimental group, the BPA release in the solution was calculated using LC- MS/MS. The release of BPA in both groups was calculated using the Liquid Chromathography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: The release of BPA from Orthodontic Adhesive Resin was obtained in the Chlorhexidine Gluconate mouthwash solution, 1 hour: 0.21 ng/ml, 7 days: 0.32 ng/ml, 30 days: 0.78 ng/ml, while in artificial saliva, 1 hour: 0.19 ng/ml, 7 days: 0.53 ng/ml, 30 days: 1.41 ng/ml. Conclusion: The amount of BPA released from the Orthodontic Adhesive Resin by immersion in a solution of Chlorhexidine Gluconate mouthwash and artificial saliva for 1 hour, 7 days and 30 days, was below the daily tolerated dose of BPA (< 1.52 ng/mL)."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji daya antibakteri bahan irigasi nisin 10%, klorheksidin 2%, natrium hipoklorit 2,5% terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm E. faecalis secara in vitro. Bakteri E. faecalis ATCC 29212 dibiakkan pada media agar BHI kemudian diinkubasi 24 jam pada suhu 370C. Bakteri diinokulasi pada membran filter selulosa nitrat selama 72 jam agar terbentuk biofilm. Dilakukan uji kontak langsung antara bahan uji dan biofilm selama 10 menit. Dilakukan kuantifikasi DNA bakteri yang hidup melalui penambahan PMA pada Real time PCR. Hasilnya nisin 10% mempunyai daya antibakteri terhadap biofilm E.faecalis, namun tidak sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2% dan natrium hipoklorit 2,5%.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial efficacy of 10% nisin, 2% chlorhexidine, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite against E.faecalis biofilm in vitro. Petri dishes containing BHI agar were seeded with E. faecalis ATCC 29212, incubated overnight at 370C. Celullose nitrate filter membrane was inoculated with E.faecalis for 72 hours to grown a biofilm. Direct contact test was performed between the test solutions and biofilm for 10 minutes. DNA quantification was performed using Real time PCR with PMA additive to count the lived cell. It was concluded that 10% nisin possessed antibacterial effect against E.faecalis biofilm, but not comparable with 2% chlorhexidine and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: C. albicans merupakan jamur yang dominan pada infeksi endodontikpersisten yang berperan dalam kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Pembentukan biofilmmerupakan salah satu faktor virulensi C. albicans yang dapat meningkatkan resistensiterhadap agen antijamur. Klorheksidin 2% sebagai larutan irigasi yang efektif dalammengeliminasi biofilm C. albicans telah terbukti bersifat toksik terhadap sel-sel sehatsehingga diperlukan alternatif larutan irigasi yang efektif dan aman, yaitu berasal daribahan alami. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Robx.) mengandung xanthorrhizolyang terbukti bersifat antijamur. Namun, belum terdapat penelitian yang menganalisiskonsentrasi optimum xanthorrhizol dalam mengeliminasi biofilm C. albicans ATCC10231. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek antijamur xanthorrhizol 0,25%, xanthorrhizol 0,5%,xanthorrhizol 0,75%, xanthorrhizol 1%, xanthorrhizol 1,25%, dan klorheksidin 2%terhadap biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231. Metode: Pemaparan xanthorrhizol terhadapbiofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 dilakukan selama 15 menit, kemudian diuji denganmetode MTT assay dan hitung koloni. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermaknasecara statistik antara persentase eradikasi dan hasil hitung jumlah koloni pascapemaparan xanthorrhizol 1%, xanthorrhizol 1,25%, dan CHX 2% pada biofilm C.albicans ATCC 10231. Simpulan: Xanthorrhizol 1% dan xanthorrhizol 1,25%memiliki efek antijamur terhadap biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 yang setara denganklorheksidin 2%.

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ABSTRACTBackground: C. albicans is the most dominant fungal species in persistent endodonticinfection that has been associated with failure of endodontic treatment. An ability toform biofilm is one of the C. albicans virulence factor that increase resistance towardsantifungal agent. In endodontic, 2% chlorhexidine as an effective irrigation solutionagainst C. albicans biofilm has been proven to be toxic to healthly cells so that aneffective and safe alternative irrigation solution is needed, which is derived from naturalingredients. Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Robx.) contains xanthorrhizol whichhas an antifungal effect. However, no studies have analyzed the optimum concentrationof xanthorrhizol in eradicating bioflm of C. albicans ATCC 10231. Aims: To analyzeantifungal effect of 0,25% xanthorrhizol, 0,5% xanthorrhizol, 0,75% xanthorrhizol, 1%xanthorrhizol, 1,25% xanthorrhizol and 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of C. albicansATCC 10231. Methods: fifteen minutes exposure of xanthorrhizol to biofilm of C.albicans ATCC 10231, then antifungal effect tested by MTT assay and total plate countmethod. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between percentage ofbiofilm eradication and TPC results after exposure to 1% xanthorrhizol, 1,25%xanthorrhizol, and 2% chlorhexidine in biofilm of C. albicans ATCC 10231.Conclusion: 1% xanthorrhizol and 1,25% xanthorrhizol have an antifungal effectagainst biofilm of C. albicans ATCC 10231 which is equivalent to 2% chlorhexidine."

"Latar Belakang: Poket periodontal merupakan karakteristik periodontitis. Scaling dan root planing merupakan standar emas untuk perawatan periodontitis. Antimikroba lokal tambahan direkomendasikan pada pasien dengan kedalaman probing ≥5 mm. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui efektivitas klorheksidin dibandingkan dengan antimikroba lokal lainnya pada periodontitis. Metode: Pencarian dilakukan dengan menggunakan panduan Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis (PRISMA). Meta-analisis dilakukan pada studi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi setelah penilaian risiko bias. Hasil: Meta-analisis antara chip klorheksidin dan antimikroba lain menunjukkan perbedaan rata-rata kedalaman probing setelah satu bulan sebesar 0,58 mm (p<0,00001) sedangkan setelah tiga bulan perbedaan rata-rata kedalaman probing adalah 0,50 mm (p=0,001), indeks plak 0,01 (p=0,94) dan indeks gingiva -0,11 mm (p=0,02). Antara gel chlorhexidine dan antimikroba lainnya menunjukkan perbedaan rata-rata kedalaman probing 0,40 mm (p=0,30), indeks plak 0,20 mm (p=0,0008) dan indeks gingiva -0,04 mm (p=0,83) setelah satu bulan. Kesimpulan: Chip klorheksidin lebih efektif pada indeks gingiva dibandingkan antimikroba lainnya setelah tiga bulan. Antimikroba lainnya lebih efektif daripada chip klorheksidin pada kedalaman probing setelah satu dan tiga bulan, dan dari gel klorheksidin pada indeks plak setelah satu bulan.

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Background: Periodontal pockets are characteristic of periodontitis. Scaling and root planing is the gold standard for periodontitis treatment. Additional local antimicrobials are recommended in patients with a probing depth of ≥5 mm.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of chlorhexidine compared to other local antimicrobials in periodontitis.

Method: Searches were conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed on studies that met inclusion criteria after risk of bias assessment.

Results: Meta-analysis between chlorhexidine chips and other antimicrobials showed a mean difference in probing depth after one month of 0.58 mm (p<0.00001) whereas after three months the mean difference in probing depth was 0.50 mm (p=0.001), index plaque 0.01 (p=0.94) and gingival index -0.11 mm (p=0.02). Between chlorhexidine gel and other antimicrobials showed a mean difference in probing depth of 0.40 mm (p=0.30), plaque index of 0.20 mm (p=0.0008) and gingival index of -0.04 mm (p=0.83) after one month.

Conclusion: Chlorhexidine chips were more effective on the gingival index than other antimicrobials after three months. The other antimicrobials were more effective than chlorhexidine chips on probing depth after one and three months, and than chlorhexidine gels on plaque index after one month."

"Latar Belakang: Larutan teh hijau nanopartikel atau larutan kitosan nanopartikel dengan konsentrasi minimal 0,5% sudah menujukkan sifat antibakteri yang akan mempengaruhi rongga mulut dan obat kumur klorheksidin 0,2% digunakan sebagai pembanding yang sudah menjadi gold standard. Sementara itu terdapat pengaruh obat kumur terhadap kekerasan di penelitian sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu diketahui kekerasan komposit resin nanofill dan nanohybrid setelah perendaman larutan teh hijau nanopartikel 1,5% kitosan nanopartikel 2%, atau klorheksidin 0,2%. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh perendaman larutan teh hijau nanopartikel 1,5% kitosan nanopartikel 2%, atau klorheksidin 0,2% terhadap kekerasan komposit resin nanofill dan nanohybrid. Metode: Spesimen komposit resin nanofill (n=15) dan nanohybrid (n=15) dilakukan 3 perlakuan, perendaman larutan teh hijau nanopartikel 0,5% selama 7 hari (n=5), dan larutan kitosan nanopartikel 2% selama 7 hari (n=5), dan obat kumur klorheksidin 0,2% selama 7 hari (n=5). Setiap sebelum dilakukan uji kekerasan, komposit resin dibersihkan dengan ultrasonic cleaner. Pengujian kekerasan dilakukan pada awal dan setelah perendaman obat kumur. Hasil: Kekerasan komposit resin nanofill dan nanohybrid sebelum dan setelah perendaman larutan teh hijau nanopartikel 1,5% kitosan nanopartikel 2%, atau klorheksidin 0,2% berbeda bermakna (p<0,05), yaitu pada kisaran 57,97 - 67,56 KHN. Perbedaan juga ditemui antar perendaman larutan teh hijau nanopartikel, 1,5% kitosan nanopartikel 2%, atau klorheksidin 0,2% pada komposit resin yang sama (p<0,05) dan menujukkan data heterogen (p<0,05). Perbedaan bermakna ditemukan pada antar teh hijau nanopartikel 1,5% dan kitosan nanopartikel 2%, atau teh hijau nanopartikel 1,5% atau klorheksidin 2%, atau kitosan nanopartikel 2% dan klorheksdin 0,2%. Pada komposit resin nanofill dan nanohybrid setelah perendaman obat kumur yang sama terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Komposit resin nanofill dan nanohybrid mengalami penurunan kekerasan setelah perendaman larutan teh hijau nanopartikel nanopartikel 1,5% kitosan nanopartikel 2%, atau klorheksidin 0,2%.

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Background: Concentration of 0.5% nanoparticle green tea solution or nanoparticle chitosan solution has shown antibacterial properties that will affect the oral cavity and chlorhexidine mouthwash is used as a comparison which has become the gold standard. Meanwhile, there is an effect of mouthwash in previous studies. Therefore, it is necessary to know the hardness of nanofill and nanohybrid resin composites after immersion in green tea nanoparticles solution, 1.5% chitosan nanoparticles 2%, or 0.2% chlorhexidine. Objective: To analyze the effect of immersion in green tea nanoparticles solution, 1.5% chitosan nanoparticles 2%, or 0.2% chlorhexidine on the hardness of nanofill and nanohybrid composite resins. Methods: Composite resin specimens of nanofill (n=15) and nanohybrid (n=15) resins underwent 3 treatments, immersion in 0.5% green tea nanoparticles solution for 7 days (n=5), and 2% chitosan nanoparticle solution for 7 days (n=5), and 0.2% chlorhexidine solution for 7 days (n=5). Composite resins must be cleansed by the untrasonic cleaner before the hardness testing. Hardness testing was carried out at the beginning and after immersion in the solution. Results: The hardness of the nanofill and nanohybrid composite resin before and after immersion of green tea nanoparticles solution, 1.5% chitosan nanoparticles 2%, or 0.2% chlorhexidine was significantly different (p<0.05) in range of 57,97 - 67,56 KHN. Differences were also found between immersion in green tea solution, 1.5% chitosan nanoparticles 2%, or 0.2% chlorhexidine in the same composite resin (p<0.05) and all those group are heterogen data. There were significant differences in the nanofill and nanohybrid resin compositions after immersion in the different solution (p<0.05). Conclusion: The hardness of nanofill and nanohybrid resin composites decreased after immersion in green tea solution, 1.5% chitosan nanoparticles 2%, or 0.2% chlorhexidine."