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Abstrak :
Why the labors of Javanese origin who worked in tobacco plantations in North Sumatera, in the colonial period, were not able to quit from their work and left the plantation, eventhough the payments they received were unworthy? The author argues that three factors are responsible to this situation. First is the punale sanctie, or the labor act. It was said in the act that the colonial government was eligible to punish a labor as he refused to work, or left the plantation. In the gamble the labors would usually be lost and run out of money. The last factor is the introduction of opium, which eventually makes the labors addicted, they ruin their life.

Abstrak :
[Penelitian mengenai menara gereja Protestan tahun 1901-1942 di Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, dan Surabaya dilakukan karena menara gereja dapat memperlihatkan ciri arsitektur kolonial. Dua belas menara gereja dipakai dan menjadi sumber data pnelitian ini, yaitu dua menara GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, empat menara GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, satu menara GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, satu menara GPIB Bethel-Bandung, satu menara GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, satu menara GKI Taman Cibunut-Bandung, satu menara GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, dan satu menara GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. Semuanya merupakan menara gereja Protestan yang dibangun pada masa Hindia Belanda. Penelitian ini diawali dengan pengumpulan data dengan cara mendeskripsikan unsur bangunan yang dijadikan unit analisis, yaitu menara gereja serta komponen bangunan yang ada padanya. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menganalisisnya dengan cara memperbandingkan dan melihat persamaan dan perbedaannya. Penarikan kesimpulan dilakukan dengan mengintegrasikan komponen yang ada pada menara gereja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menara gereja Protestan tahun 1901-1942 di Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, dan Surabaya bercirikan arsitektur Indis dan Art Deco, terlihat dari komponen bentuk, ukuran, denah, pintu, jendela, lubang ventilasi, ornamen, serta lonceng atau jam.;This research on tower of the Protestant church in 1901-1942 in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang and Surabaya is conducted since church tower is considered as one of architectural components that can show the characteristic of colonial architecture. Twelve church towers are taken as the subject of this research, namely two church towers of GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, four church towers of GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Bethel-Bandung, one church tower of GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Taman Cibunut-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, and one church tower of GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. These churches are built during the Dutch East Indies period. This research started with collecting data in the way making description of data collected from churches tower and its components. Data that are collected is analysed by comparing to see the similarities and differences, and conclusion is done by integrating the components revealed from it. This research result shows that Protestant church tower from 1901-1942 period in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya are characterized by Indis architecture and Art Deco components that can be seen on the shape, size, layout, door, window, ventilation holes, ornaments, and bell or clock.;This research on tower of the Protestant church in 1901-1942 in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang and Surabaya is conducted since church tower is considered as one of architectural components that can show the characteristic of colonial architecture. Twelve church towers are taken as the subject of this research, namely two church towers of GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, four church towers of GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Bethel-Bandung, one church tower of GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Taman Cibunut-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, and one church tower of GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. These churches are built during the Dutch East Indies period. This research started with collecting data in the way making description of data collected from churches tower and its components. Data that are collected is analysed by comparing to see the similarities and differences, and conclusion is done by integrating the components revealed from it. This research result shows that Protestant church tower from 1901-1942 period in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya are characterized by Indis architecture and Art Deco components that can be seen on the shape, size, layout, door, window, ventilation holes, ornaments, and bell or clock.;This research on tower of the Protestant church in 1901-1942 in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang and Surabaya is conducted since church tower is considered as one of architectural components that can show the characteristic of colonial architecture. Twelve church towers are taken as the subject of this research, namely two church towers of GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, four church towers of GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Bethel-Bandung, one church tower of GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Taman Cibunut-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, and one church tower of GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. These churches are built during the Dutch East Indies period. This research started with collecting data in the way making description of data collected from churches tower and its components. Data that are collected is analysed by comparing to see the similarities and differences, and conclusion is done by integrating the components revealed from it. This research result shows that Protestant church tower from 1901-1942 period in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya are characterized by Indis architecture and Art Deco components that can be seen on the shape, size, layout, door, window, ventilation holes, ornaments, and bell or clock.;This research on tower of the Protestant church in 1901-1942 in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang and Surabaya is conducted since church tower is considered as one of architectural components that can show the characteristic of colonial architecture. Twelve church towers are taken as the subject of this research, namely two church towers of GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, four church towers of GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Bethel-Bandung, one church tower of GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Taman Cibunut-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, and one church tower of GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. These churches are built during the Dutch East Indies period. This research started with collecting data in the way making description of data collected from churches tower and its components. Data that are collected is analysed by comparing to see the similarities and differences, and conclusion is done by integrating the components revealed from it. This research result shows that Protestant church tower from 1901-1942 period in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya are characterized by Indis architecture and Art Deco components that can be seen on the shape, size, layout, door, window, ventilation holes, ornaments, and bell or clock., This research on tower of the Protestant church in 1901-1942 in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang and Surabaya is conducted since church tower is considered as one of architectural components that can show the characteristic of colonial architecture. Twelve church towers are taken as the subject of this research, namely two church towers of GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, four church towers of GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Bethel-Bandung, one church tower of GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Taman Cibunut-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, and one church tower of GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. These churches are built during the Dutch East Indies period. This research started with collecting data in the way making description of data collected from churches tower and its components. Data that are collected is analysed by comparing to see the similarities and differences, and conclusion is done by integrating the components revealed from it. This research result shows that Protestant church tower from 1901-1942 period in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya are characterized by Indis architecture and Art Deco components that can be seen on the shape, size, layout, door, window, ventilation holes, ornaments, and bell or clock.]

Abstrak :
Dutch colonial architecture in the Netherlands East Indies