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Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Omega-3 sebagai salah satu jenis asam lemak takjenuh dapat membentuk: ikatan fosfogliserida membran sekaligus menentukan fluiditasnya. Peningkatan fluiditas membran diduga dapat meningkatkan laju difusi oksigen melewati membran sehingga kecepatan akumulasi lak1at akan menurun dan respon kelelahan dapat ditunda. Hal ini ditandai dengan meningkatnya daya tahan konstraksi otot rangka selama melakukan kerja fisik. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh omega-3 suplementasi omega-3 1400mg/hari selama 8 minggu terhadap daya tahan konstraksi otot rangka selama kerja fisik intensitas sedang durasi panjang. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain pre-post intervention kontrol diri sendiri pada 10 omng pria dewasa sehat berusia 20-24 tahun. Subyek penelitian diberikan suplemen omega-3 dosis 1400 mg/hari selama 8 minggu. Parameter yang diukur adalah kadar laklat datrah dan durasi kerja selama melakukan kerja fisik intensitas sedang durasi panjang pada treadmil sebelum dan setelah perlakuan. Hasil: Kadar laklat darah menurun secara bermakna dari minggu 0 keminggu 8. Penurunan ini terjadi pada saat pre-exercise (p=003), pada 10 menit exercise (p=OOI),. dan saat lelah (p=003). Didapati pula adanya peningkatan nilai rerata durasi kerja fisik secara bermakna (p=0.005) dari 24.44=11.74 menit di minggu 0 menjadi 27.99±12.41 menit di minggu 8. Selain itu, terdapat respon penurunan danyut jantung yang bermakna pada saat exercise (p=003), pada 10 menit exercise (p=0.014). dan saat lelah (p=025) disertai perubaban tekanan darah yang tidalk bermakna. Kesimpulan: Penurunan kadar laktat darah secara bermakna setelah suplementasi omega-3 dengan dosis 1400 mg/hari selama 8 minggu mencerminkan perbaikan suplai oksigen di sel otot rangka. Peningkatan durasi kerja fisik yang bermakna pada penelitian ini mencerminkan peningkatan daya tahan konstraksi otot rangka yang disebabkan oleh meningkatnya kemampuan sel otot rangka untuk menyediakan energi melalui metabolisme aerobik. ......Background: Omega-3 as one of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), bind to membrane glycerophospholipid and determine its fluidity. The increase of membrane fluidity is thought to improve oxygen diffusion rate through membrane and causing reduction of lactate accumulation This condition characterized by the improvement of skeletal muscle endurance during moderate activity. Objective: Knowing the effects of 1400 mg/day omega-3 suplementation in 8 weeks on skeletal muscle endurance, during moderate physical work intensity fur non-athlete adults. Method: Pre-post intervention design with self control is applied on this reaserach to 10 healthy males in 20-24 years of age. Omega-3 suplementation is given to subjects in 1400 mg/day fur 8 weeks. Parameters being measured are blood lactate level and physical work duration before,and after treatment. during moderate physical work intensity on treadmill. Result: Blood lactate level significantly from week to week-3. The decrease is found a1 pre-exercise (p=Q.003), Hl minutes of exercise (p=Q.OOl), and when subjects report tiredness (p=Q.003). Then is also a significant increase (p=0.005) on mean value of physical work duration from 24. l1.74 week into 27.99±12.41 minutes in week-8. Moreover, then is a significant decrease in heart rate at pre-exercise (p9).003), 10 minutes of exercise (p=0.O14), and when subjects report tiredness (p=OJl25). This condition is accompanied by unsignificant changes of blood pressure. Conclusion: Significant decrease of blood lactate level after 8 weeks of 1400 mg/day omega-3 suplementation reflecting improvement of oxygen supplu into skeletal muscle. Whereas significant increase of physical work duration in this research reflecting improvement of skeletal muscle endurance. This condition results from the improvement of skeletal muscle ability to supply energy through aerobic metabolism. Significant decrease of heart rate which accompanied by unsignificant changes of blood pressure in this research, reflecting improvement of heart pump capacity and providing a better oxygen supply into skeletal muscle.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) masih endemis dan merupakan masalah yang besar dan serius di Indonesia. Peningkatan kadar laktat dalam darah merupakan petanda hipoksia jaringan pada penyakit DBD, bila hipoksia jaringan tidak terdeteksi lebih awal/dini, dan tidak diberikan cairan lebih agresif dan sesuai, maka akan meningkatkan angka komplikasi dan kematian. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan rerata kadar hematokrit dan albumin serum serta beda proporsi efusi pleura dan atau asites, pasien infeksi dengue dewasa pada berbagai derajat hiperlaktatemia untuk mengetahui secara dini adanya hipoksia jaringan Metode: Penelitian ini adalah Studi uji Potong Lintang. Penelitian dilakukan di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RSUP Persahabatan Jakarta, pada pasien yang dirawat periode waktu April 2014 sampai dengan Mei 2015. Menilai beda rerata kadar hematokrit darah dan albumin serum menggunakan uji statistik Uji T, sedangkan beda proporsi efusi pleura dan atau asites dengan Uji Kai Kuadrat. Hasil: Sebanyak 62 pasien infeksi demam dengue, dibagi kedalam 2 kelompok masing-masing 31 pasien berdasarkan kadar laktat darah. Kelompok I dengan kadar laktat darah > 2 sampai ≤ 2,4 mmol/L dan kelompok II > 2,4 mmol/L. Rerata kadar hematokrit darah pada kelompok I dan II masing-masing 40,06 (SB 4,54) dan 41,03 (SB 4,77). Tidak ada perbedaan rerata kadar hematokrit darah pada kedua kelompok dengan nilai p = 0,42. Rerata kadar albumin serum pada kelompok I dan II masing-masing 3,94 (SB 0,29) dan 3,89 (SB 0,30). Tidak ada perbedaan rerata kadar albumin serum pada kedua kelompok dengan nilai p = 0,49. Proporsi efusi pleura dan atau asites pada kelompok I dan II masing-masing 54,8% dan 58,1%. Tidak ada perbedaan proporsi adanya efusi pleura dan atau asites pada kedua kelompok dengan p = 1. Kesimpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan rerata kadar hematokrit darah dan albumin serum, serta beda proporsi efusi pleura dan atau asites pada kelompok kadar laktat darah > 2 sampai ≤ 2,4 mmol/L dibandingkan > 2,4 mmol/L.

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ABSTRACT
Background: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still endemic and is a big and serious problem in Indonesia. Increased levels of lactate in the blood is a marker for tissue hypoxia in DHF , when tissue hypoxia is not detected early and not given the more aggressive fluids and appropriate, it will increase the rate of complications and mortality. Objective: To determine differences in average levels of hematocrit and serum albumin as well as different proportions pleural effusion and/or ascites, adult patients with dengue infection in various degrees hyperlactatemia to know at an early stage for tissue hypoxia. Methods: This study is a test study Cross Sectional. The study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo and at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, in-patients admitted to the time period April 2014 through May 2015. Assessing the mean difference of blood hematocrit levels and serum albumin using statistical test T test, while the different proportion of pleural effusion and/or ascites with test Chi Square. Results: A total of 62 patients of dengue fever infections, distributed into 2 groups of each 31 patients based on blood lactate levels. Group I with a blood lactate levels > 2 to ≤ 2,4 mmol/L and Group II > 2.4 mmol/L. The mean blood hematocrit levels in group I and II, respectively 40.06 (SD 4.54) and 41.03 (SD 4.77). There is no difference in mean blood hematocrit levels in both groups with p = 0.42. The mean levels of serum albumin in group I and II respectively 3.94 (SD 0.29) and 3.89 (SD 0.30). There is no difference in the mean serum albumin levels in both groups with p = 0.49. The proportion of pleural effusion and/or ascites in groups I and II respectively 54.8% and 58.1%. There is no difference in the proportion of the pleural effusion and/or ascites in both groups with p = 1. Conclusion: There is no difference in mean blood hematocrit levels and serum albumin, as well as the different proportions of pleural effusion and/or ascites founds in the group of blood lactate levels > 2 to ≤ 2,4 mmol/L compared to > 2.4 mmol/L.;Background: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still endemic and is a big and serious problem in Indonesia. Increased levels of lactate in the blood is a marker for tissue hypoxia in DHF , when tissue hypoxia is not detected early and not given the more aggressive fluids and appropriate, it will increase the rate of complications and mortality. Objective: To determine differences in average levels of hematocrit and serum albumin as well as different proportions pleural effusion and/or ascites, adult patients with dengue infection in various degrees hyperlactatemia to know at an early stage for tissue hypoxia. Methods: This study is a test study Cross Sectional. The study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo and at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, in-patients admitted to the time period April 2014 through May 2015. Assessing the mean difference of blood hematocrit levels and serum albumin using statistical test T test, while the different proportion of pleural effusion and/or ascites with test Chi Square. Results: A total of 62 patients of dengue fever infections, distributed into 2 groups of each 31 patients based on blood lactate levels. Group I with a blood lactate levels > 2 to ≤ 2,4 mmol/L and Group II > 2.4 mmol/L. The mean blood hematocrit levels in group I and II, respectively 40.06 (SD 4.54) and 41.03 (SD 4.77). There is no difference in mean blood hematocrit levels in both groups with p = 0.42. The mean levels of serum albumin in group I and II respectively 3.94 (SD 0.29) and 3.89 (SD 0.30). There is no difference in the mean serum albumin levels in both groups with p = 0.49. The proportion of pleural effusion and/or ascites in groups I and II respectively 54.8% and 58.1%. There is no difference in the proportion of the pleural effusion and/or ascites in both groups with p = 1. Conclusion: There is no difference in mean blood hematocrit levels and serum albumin, as well as the different proportions of pleural effusion and/or ascites founds in the group of blood lactate levels > 2 to ≤ 2,4 mmol/L compared to > 2.4 mmol/L.;Background: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still endemic and is a big and serious problem in Indonesia. Increased levels of lactate in the blood is a marker for tissue hypoxia in DHF , when tissue hypoxia is not detected early and not given the more aggressive fluids and appropriate, it will increase the rate of complications and mortality. Objective: To determine differences in average levels of hematocrit and serum albumin as well as different proportions pleural effusion and/or ascites, adult patients with dengue infection in various degrees hyperlactatemia to know at an early stage for tissue hypoxia. Methods: This study is a test study Cross Sectional. The study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo and at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, in-patients admitted to the time period April 2014 through May 2015. Assessing the mean difference of blood hematocrit levels and serum albumin using statistical test T test, while the different proportion of pleural effusion and/or ascites with test Chi Square. Results: A total of 62 patients of dengue fever infections, distributed into 2 groups of each 31 patients based on blood lactate levels. Group I with a blood lactate levels > 2 to ≤ 2,4 mmol/L and Group II > 2.4 mmol/L. The mean blood hematocrit levels in group I and II, respectively 40.06 (SD 4.54) and 41.03 (SD 4.77). There is no difference in mean blood hematocrit levels in both groups with p = 0.42. The mean levels of serum albumin in group I and II respectively 3.94 (SD 0.29) and 3.89 (SD 0.30). There is no difference in the mean serum albumin levels in both groups with p = 0.49. The proportion of pleural effusion and/or ascites in groups I and II respectively 54.8% and 58.1%. There is no difference in the proportion of the pleural effusion and/or ascites in both groups with p = 1. Conclusion: There is no difference in mean blood hematocrit levels and serum albumin, as well as the different proportions of pleural effusion and/or ascites founds in the group of blood lactate levels > 2 to ≤ 2,4 mmol/L compared to > 2.4 mmol/L., Background: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still endemic and is a big and serious problem in Indonesia. Increased levels of lactate in the blood is a marker for tissue hypoxia in DHF , when tissue hypoxia is not detected early and not given the more aggressive fluids and appropriate, it will increase the rate of complications and mortality. Objective: To determine differences in average levels of hematocrit and serum albumin as well as different proportions pleural effusion and/or ascites, adult patients with dengue infection in various degrees hyperlactatemia to know at an early stage for tissue hypoxia. Methods: This study is a test study Cross Sectional. The study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo and at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, in-patients admitted to the time period April 2014 through May 2015. Assessing the mean difference of blood hematocrit levels and serum albumin using statistical test T test, while the different proportion of pleural effusion and/or ascites with test Chi Square. Results: A total of 62 patients of dengue fever infections, distributed into 2 groups of each 31 patients based on blood lactate levels. Group I with a blood lactate levels > 2 to ≤ 2,4 mmol/L and Group II > 2.4 mmol/L. The mean blood hematocrit levels in group I and II, respectively 40.06 (SD 4.54) and 41.03 (SD 4.77). There is no difference in mean blood hematocrit levels in both groups with p = 0.42. The mean levels of serum albumin in group I and II respectively 3.94 (SD 0.29) and 3.89 (SD 0.30). There is no difference in the mean serum albumin levels in both groups with p = 0.49. The proportion of pleural effusion and/or ascites in groups I and II respectively 54.8% and 58.1%. There is no difference in the proportion of the pleural effusion and/or ascites in both groups with p = 1. Conclusion: There is no difference in mean blood hematocrit levels and serum albumin, as well as the different proportions of pleural effusion and/or ascites founds in the group of blood lactate levels > 2 to ≤ 2,4 mmol/L compared to > 2.4 mmol/L.]

Abstrak :
Latar Belalrang: Omega-3 sebagai salah satu jenis asam lemak tak jenuh majemuk dapat membentuk ikatan dengan fosfogliserida membangun sekaligus menentukan fluiditasnya. Peningkatan fluiditas membran diduga dapat meningkatkan laju difusi oksigen melewati membran sehingga kecepatan 8kl.lllI\l|8$i laktat akan menurun dan respon kelelahan dapat ditunda Hal ini ditandai dengan meningkatnya daya tahan kontraksi otot rangka selama melakukan kerja fisik. Tujuan: Mengetahui penganrh omega-3 suplementasi omega-3 l400mg/hari selama 8 minggu terhadap daya tahan kontraksi olot rangka selama kerja iisik imensitas sedang durasi panjang pack orang dewasa norhatlet. Metode: Penelitian ini msnggzmakan desain pre-pos! iruervenzion dengn komml diri sendiri pada I0 orang pria dewasa sehat berusia 20~24 tahun. Subyek penelitian diberikan suplemen omega-3 dengn dosis |400 mg/hari selama 8 minggu. Parameter yang diukur adalah kadar laktat darah dan durasi kerja selama melakukan kerja fisik intensitas sedang durasi panjang pada treadmill sebelum dan setelah perlakuan. Hasil: Kadar laktat darah menurun secara bermakna dari minggu 0 ke minggu 8. Penurunan ini terjadi pada saat pre-exercise (p=0.003), pada 10 menit exercise (p=0.00l), dan saat lelah (p=0.003). Didapati pula adanya peningkatan nilai setara durasi kerja fisik secara bermakna (p=0.005) dari 24.44¢l1.74 mmit di minggu 0 menjadi 27.99tl2_4I mmit di minggu 8. Selain im, terdqpar respon penunman deuyut jantung yang bermakna pda saat pre-exercise (p=0.003), pada 10 menit exercise (p=0.0l4), dan saat lelah (p=0.025) disenai perubahan tekanan darah yang tidak: bermakna. Ksimpulan: Penumnan kadar laktat darah 500311 bermakna setelah suplementasi omega-3 dengan dosis 1400 mg/hari selama 8 minggu mencerminkan adanya perbaikan suplai oksigen di sel otot rangka. Peningkatan durasi kerja fisik yang bermakna pada penelitian ini mencerminkan adanya peningkatan daya tahan konrraksi otot rangka yang disebabkan oleh meningkatnya kemampuan se! otot rangka untuk menyediakan energi melalui metabolisme aerobik. Respon penurunan denyut jantung yang bennakna disertai perubahan tekanan darah yang tidak bermakna pada pmditian ini mencerminkan adanya peningkatan daya pompa jantung yang menyebabkan suplai oksigen ke otot rangka menjadi Iebih hails.

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Background: Omega-3 as one of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAS), bind to membrane glycerophospholipid and determine its fluidity. The increase of membrane fluidity is thought to improve oxygen diffusion rate through membrane and causing reduction of lactate accumulation rate. Therefore, fatigue response can be delayed This condition characterized by the improvement of skeletal muscle endurance during physical work activity. Objective: Knowing the etrects of 1400 mg/day omega-3 suplem tation in 8 weeks on skeletal muscle endurance, during moderate physical work intensity for non-athlete adults. Method: Pre-post intervention design with self control is applied on this reaserach to 10 healthy males in 20-24 years of age. Omega-3 suplementation is giv to subjects in 1400 mg/day tbr 8 weeks. Parameters being measured are blood lactate level and physical work duration before and after treatment, during moderate physical work intensity on treadmill. Result: Blood lactate level decreases significantly from week-0 to week-8. The decrease is found at pre-exercise (p=0.003), I0 minutes of exercise (p=0.00l), and when subjects report tiredness (p=0.003). There is also a significant increase (p=0.005) on mean value of physical work duration ‘from 24.44a=ll.74 minutes in week-0 into 27.99=tl2.4I minutes in week-8. Moreover, there is a significant decrease in heart rate at pre-exercie (p=0.003), 10 minutes of exercise (p=0_0l4), and when subjects report tiredness (p=0.025)_ This condition is accompanied by urrsigniiicant changes of blood pressure. Conclusion: Significant decrease of blood lactate level atler 8 weeks of I400 mg/day omega-3 suplementation reflecting improvement of oxygen supply into skeletal muscle. Whereas significant increase of physical work duration in this research reflecting improvement of skeletal muscle endurance. This condition results from the improvement of skeletal muscle ability to supply energy through aerobic metabolism. Significant decrease of heart rate which accompanied by unsignilicant changes of blood pressure in this research, reflecting improvement of heart pump capacity and providing a better oxygen supply into skeletal muscle.

Abstrak :
Konversi luka bakar merupakan perubahan zona kedalaman dari dangkal menjadi dalam pada 3–7 hari pasca luka bakar. Saat ini, proses autofagi, inflamasi, iskemia, infeksi, dan reactive oxygen species dianggap berperan dalam patogenesis konversi luka bakar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor risiko terjadinya konversi luka bakar pada pasien dewasa dan mengembangkan sistem skor untuk memprediksi kejadian konversi luka bakar sebagai acuan tatalaksana konservatif dan operatif. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan metode nested case control pada pasien luka bakar dewasa yang dirawat di Unit Luka Bakar RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RS Islam Jakarta Cempaka Putih. Subjek direkrut dengan metode consecutive sampling pada Februari 2019–Agustus 2020. Faktor risiko yang diteliti adalah karakteristik klinis, pemeriksaan klinis lokal, dan pemeriksaan klinis sistemik. Faktor risiko dianalisis secara bivariat dan multivariat regresi logistik. Terdapat 40 subjek kelompok kasus dan 20 subjek kelompok kontrol. Luka bakar di regio trunkus (OR = 3,67; p = 0,028), regio tungkai (OR = 6,93; p = 0,001), luas luka bakar yang dihitung dengan ImageJ ³ 9,49 %TBSA (OR = 32,11 p < 0,001), suhu permukaan luka yang diukur dengan termografi FLIR ONE® ≤ -1,55 oC (OR = 13,78; p < 0,001), kadar prokalsitonin ≥ 0,075 ng/mL (OR = 12; p < 0,001), dan kadar laktat darah ≥ 1,75 mmol/L (OR = 7; p = 0,001) memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan konversi luka bakar. Dikembangkan 3 model konversi luka bakar dari variabel bermakna. Model 1 diterapkan di fasilitas kesehatan tersier dengan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas sebesar 92,5% dan 85% (IK95% 0,835–1,00; p < 0,001). Model 2 dan 3 dapat diterapkan di fasilitas kesehatan primer dan sekunder dengan model 2 memiliki sensitivitas dan spesifisitas sebesar 95% dan 70% (IK95% 0,830– 1,00; p < 0,001) dan model 3 memiliki sensitivitas dan spesifisitas sebesar 92,5% dan 85% (IK95% 0,832–1,00; p < 0,001). Model skor yang dibuat dapat dipertimbangkan digunakan dalam praktek seharihari terutama sebagai acuan tatalaksana konservatif dan operatif. ......Burns are a global public health problem with high morbidity and mortality rates. Burn wound conversion describes the process by which superficial-partial thickness burns convert into deeper burns within 3–7 days after the burn. Currently, autophagy, inflammation, ischemia, infection, and reactive oxygen species are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of burn wound conversion. This study aims to assess risk factors for burn wound conversion and develop a scoring system to predict burn conversion as a reference for burn wound management. The study was conducted using the nested case control method, in adult burn patients who were treated at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo and Jakarta Islamic Hospital Cempaka Putih. Subjects were recruited by consecutive sampling method in February 2019–August 2020. The role of clinical characteristics, local clinical examination, and systemic examination as predictors of burn wound conversion were assessed. The risk factors were analyzed using bivariate and logistic regression multivariate analysis. There were 40 subjects in case group and 20 subjects in control group. Involvement of trunk (OR = 3.67; p = 0.028), limbs (OR = 6.93; p = 0.001), burn extent measured using ImageJ ³ 9.49 %TBSA (OR = 32.11 p < 0.001), wound surface temperature measured using FLIR ONE® thermography ≤ -1.55 oC (OR = 13.78; p < 0.001), procalsitonin level ≥ 0.075 ng/mL (OR = 12; p < 0.001), dan blood lactate level ≥ 1.75 mmol/L (OR = 7; p = 0.001) had significant relationship with burn wound conversion. Three scoring models were developed based on the significant variables with model 1 to be applied in tertiary health facilities and model 2 and 3 to be applied in primary and secondary health facilities with sensitivity and specificity of 92.5% and 85% (95% CI 0.835–1,00; p < 0.001)), 95% and 70% (95% CI 0.830–1.00; p < 0.001) and 92,5% and 85% (95% CI 0.832–1.00; p < 0.001), respectively). The scoring models can be considered to be used in daily practice, especially as a reference for conservative and operative management.