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Abstrak :
Karya proyek ini bertujuan merancang skema penilaian performansi untuk kelas Talking English tingkat dasar di ILP. Skema dirancang dengan menggunakan langkah penyusunan yang dikemukakan oleh Mertler (2001). Langkah itu terdiri atas penentuan tujuan pembuatan skema penilaian, penentuan objek penilaian, penentuan bentuk skema, penentuan kriteria, skala dan deskripsi naratif, percobaan skema dan diakhiri dengan penyempurnaan skema penilaian. Penyusunan kriteria di dalam skema ini diformulasikan berdasarkan konsep kemampuan bahasa komunikatif (Communicative Language Ability/ CLA) yang dikemukakan oleh Lyle Bachman (1990). Berdasarkan formulasi penyusunan itu diperoleh suatu bentuk skema penilaian deskriptif dengan metode check list yang digunakan untuk penilaian yang dilakukan secara berkelanjutan.

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The aim of this project work is to design a marking scheme that will be used in assessing the performance of the students in Talking English Basic class in ILP. The scheme was designed using the stages proposed by Mertler (2001). The stages start with the process of deciding the aim of marking scheme creation in order to acknowledge the importance of the proposed scheme. It is then continued with the process of deciding the object of the assessment, the type, criteria, scale and performance description of the scheme. The steps end with the testing of the scheme. The tested scheme is improved through discussion of the results of the testing. The criteria of the scheme are formulated based on the concept of Communicative Language Ability as proposed by Bachman (1990). Based on the formulation, the writer has created a descriptive marking scheme, which can be used to assess students? daily performance through the use of checklist method.

Abstrak :
This study applies linguistic, psychological, and sociological approaches. The main topic discussed in this study is the construct underlying parents' behavior when they are rearing their children, particularly, their construct of thought or ideas about children's acquisition of language. The sample subjects in this study, selected on the basis of the purposive random sampling technique, are both mothers whose children are 4 to 5 years of age and the children themselves. The subjects come from two suburban districts and two urban districts in Semarang Municipality, Central Java. This study uses several kinds of variables, those are the independent variable (parents' ideas); intervening variables (rearing strategy, home dimensions); socio-demographical variables (education, domicile), control variable (vocational status); and the dependent variable (preschool children's ability in speaking Indonesian). This study uses cross-sectional comparison design which is non-experimental between-groups in nature, fashioned with interviews, observations, and measurements as the methods for collecting the data. The statistical analysis used to compute the data are one-way ANOVA, multiple regression discriminant, correlation matrix and crosstab/chisquare test. From the analysis, it is found that there are three groups of parents with different ideas concerning with children's acquisition of Indonesian. These are modern, traditional, and ambivalent ideas. It is also found that parents' ideas have only indirect influence on the ability of speaking Indonesian among preschool-children. The one which has direct influence is intervening variable, particularly home dimensions variable.

Abstrak :
Rentang gangguan bahasa pada anak penyandang aulisme cukup luas, mulai dari yang perkembangan kemampuan bahasanya sama sekali lidak berkembang sampai pada ekstrim yang lain, di mana perkembangan kemampuan bahasanya baik, lala bahasa dan pengucapan jugs baik (Wing & Gould, dalam Jordan & Powell, 1995), Anak penyandang autisme yang mengalami hambatan dalam bahasa ekspresif dan bahasa reseptif akan sulit untuk menyampaikan isi pikirannya maupun memahami kata-kata yang diterimanva. Anak penyandang aulisme yang mengalami hambalan pada area bahasa reseptif,, dapat mendengar kata-kata tetapi mereka lidak selalu memahami arti kata seperti pada anak-anak normal lainnva. Kemampuan bahasa reseptif anak penyandang aulisme dapat ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan program Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). Dalam program ABA, materi dasar untuk melalih kemampuan bahasa reseptif adalah kemampuan untuk memperhatikan, kemampuan untuk meniru atau melakukan imitasi, kemampuan memasangkan, kemampuan mengidentifikasi (Maurice. 1996). Setiap sesi pengajaran terdiri dari beberapa siklus dan setiap siklus terdiri dari beberapa kali trial (Puspita, 2003) . Setiap trial memiliki awal dan akhir yang jelas (Leaf & McEachin, 1999). Sebuah trial terdiri dari satu unit pengajaran yang terdiri dari komponen-komponen presenlasi dari discrirninative stimulus atau instruksi guru, respon anak , dan konsekuensi (reinforcement). Selain itu terdapat jeda waktu (interlrial interval) sebelum terapis menyajikan stimulus berikulnya (Sympson. 2005). Penilaian dilakukan setiap 10 kali anak melakukan trial untuk memudahkan menghitung persentase keberhasilan. Anak dikalakan lulus bila mampu minimal 80% benar dari keseluruhan total trial. Setiap pertemuan berdurasi 90 menit. Setelah melakukan proses intervensi selama 3 minggu, terdapat peningkatan kemampuan subjek untuk memahami imitasi gerakan motorik kasar, Dalam hal perilaku imitasi gerakan mengangkal tangan telah melampaui kriteria keberhasilan. Perilaku imitasi gerakan tepuk tangan dan tepuk meja belum melampaui kriteria keberhasilan lelapi juga menunjukkan adanya peningkatan. Selama periode intervensi, subjek belum sepenuhnya mencapai kriteria keberhasilan gerakan imitasi motorik kasar dan halus. Dengan demikian tidak memungkinkan untuk melakukan intervensi kemampuan memasangkan dan kemampuan mengidentifikasi sebelum subjek menguasai gerakan imitasi karena untuk melatilh kemampuan reseptif lainnya, subjek harus menguasai kemampuan imitasi terlebih dahulu.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang : Kemampuan berbahasa merupakan salah satu indikator perkembangan anak karena melibatkan kemampuan kognitif, sensori motor, psikologis, emosi dan lingkungan disekitar anak. Penilaian kemampuan bahasa anak sangat penting pada periode 2-4 tahun karena terjadi peningkatan jumlah dan kompleksitas dalam perkembangan bicara dan bahasa. Penilaian dapat dilakukan oleh tenaga kesehatan maupun oleh orang tua. Keterbatasan tenaga kesehatan di daerah rural menyebabkan penilaian berbasis orang tua sangat penting sehingga dibutuhkan instrumen yang sesuai dengan budaya, bahasa dan lingkungan anak. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui akurasi instrumen penilaian kemampuan bahasa berbasis orang tua pada anak usia 18-36 bulan didaerah rural.

Metode : Subjek penelitian diambil dari anak usia 18 ? 36 bulan dan orang tua/pelaku rawat peserta posyandu di desa Sukarapih, Kecamatan Tambelang, Kabupaten Bekasi. Orang tua/pelaku rawat harus mampu membaca dan mengerti bahasa Indonesia. Perkembangan bahasa anak dinilai dengan skala REEL (Receptive Expressive Emergent Language) modifikasi oleh orang tua dan skala ELM (Early Language Milestone) oleh peneliti. Hasil penilaian skala REEL dibandingkan dengan skala ELM melalui uji diagnostik untuk mendapatkan nilai sensitivitas dan spesifitas, nilai prediksi positif dan negatif serta likelihood ratio (LR).

Hasil : Jumlah subjek terdiri dari 100 anak dan 100 orang tua/pelaku rawat yang diambil dari empat posyandu. Skala REEL mempunyai nilai sensitivitas 72,73 %, spesifisitas 98,87 %, nilai prediksi positif 88,89%, nilai prediksi negatif 96,70%, LR positif 64,73 dan LR negatif 0,28.

Kesimpulan : Skala REEL dapat dipakai dalam menilai gangguan perkembangan bahasa pada anak usia 18-36 bulan di daerah rural dengan menggunakan kalimat yang lebih sederhana dan mudah dipahami.

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ABSTRACT
Background : Language skill is one of the indicator of a child's development because it involves cognitive ability, sensory motor, the psychological, emotional and environment around children. Assessment of a child's language skill at the age of 2-4 years is very important due to an increase in the number and complexity in the development of speech and language. Assessment can be done by health professionals as well as by parents. Limitations of available health workers in rural areas increases the need for a parental-based assessment tool that is applicable with the culture, language and environment of the children. The research objective was to determine the accuracy of the parental-based language assessment instrument on children aged 18-36 months in rural areas.

Methods : The subjects were children aged 18-36 months and their parents / caregivers who were participants of Sukarapih neighborhood health center in the village, District Tambelang, Bekasi Regency. Parents / caregivers should be able to read and understand Bahasa Indonesia. The children's language development was assessed using the modified REEL (receptive Expressive Emergent Language) scale by their parents and the ELM (Early Language Milestone) scale by the researcher. The REEL-scale assessment results was compared with ELM scale through a diagnostic test for sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values as well as likelihood ratio (LR).

Results : The subjects consisted of 100 children and 100 parents / caregivers taken from four neighborhood health center. The REEL scale has 72.73% sensitivity, 98.87% specificity, 88.89% positive predictive value, 96.70% negative predictive value, 64.73 positive LR and of 0.28 negative LR.

Conclusion : The REEL Scale can be used to assess language development disorders in children aged 18-36 months in rural areas by using simplified and easy to understand sentences.;Background : Language skill is one of the indicator of a child's development because it involves cognitive ability, sensory motor, the psychological, emotional and environment around children. Assessment of a child's language skill at the age of 2-4 years is very important due to an increase in the number and complexity in the development of speech and language. Assessment can be done by health professionals as well as by parents. Limitations of available health workers in rural areas increases the need for a parental-based assessment tool that is applicable with the culture, language and environment of the children. The research objective was to determine the accuracy of the parental-based language assessment instrument on children aged 18-36 months in rural areas. Methods : The subjects were children aged 18-36 months and their parents / caregivers who were participants of Sukarapih neighborhood health center in the village, District Tambelang, Bekasi Regency. Parents / caregivers should be able to read and understand Bahasa Indonesia. The children's language development was assessed using the modified REEL (receptive Expressive Emergent Language) scale by their parents and the ELM (Early Language Milestone) scale by the researcher. The REEL-scale assessment results was compared with ELM scale through a diagnostic test for sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values as well as likelihood ratio (LR). Results : The subjects consisted of 100 children and 100 parents / caregivers taken from four neighborhood health center. The REEL scale has 72.73% sensitivity, 98.87% specificity, 88.89% positive predictive value, 96.70% negative predictive value, 64.73 positive LR and of 0.28 negative LR. Conclusion : The REEL Scale can be used to assess language development disorders in children aged 18-36 months in rural areas by using simplified and easy to understand sentences.;Background : Language skill is one of the indicator of a child's development because it involves cognitive ability, sensory motor, the psychological, emotional and environment around children. Assessment of a child's language skill at the age of 2-4 years is very important due to an increase in the number and complexity in the development of speech and language. Assessment can be done by health professionals as well as by parents. Limitations of available health workers in rural areas increases the need for a parental-based assessment tool that is applicable with the culture, language and environment of the children. The research objective was to determine the accuracy of the parental-based language assessment instrument on children aged 18-36 months in rural areas. Methods : The subjects were children aged 18-36 months and their parents / caregivers who were participants of Sukarapih neighborhood health center in the village, District Tambelang, Bekasi Regency. Parents / caregivers should be able to read and understand Bahasa Indonesia. The children's language development was assessed using the modified REEL (receptive Expressive Emergent Language) scale by their parents and the ELM (Early Language Milestone) scale by the researcher. The REEL-scale assessment results was compared with ELM scale through a diagnostic test for sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values as well as likelihood ratio (LR). Results : The subjects consisted of 100 children and 100 parents / caregivers taken from four neighborhood health center. The REEL scale has 72.73% sensitivity, 98.87% specificity, 88.89% positive predictive value, 96.70% negative predictive value, 64.73 positive LR and of 0.28 negative LR. Conclusion : The REEL Scale can be used to assess language development disorders in children aged 18-36 months in rural areas by using simplified and easy to understand sentences., Background : Language skill is one of the indicator of a child's development because it involves cognitive ability, sensory motor, the psychological, emotional and environment around children. Assessment of a child's language skill at the age of 2-4 years is very important due to an increase in the number and complexity in the development of speech and language. Assessment can be done by health professionals as well as by parents. Limitations of available health workers in rural areas increases the need for a parental-based assessment tool that is applicable with the culture, language and environment of the children. The research objective was to determine the accuracy of the parental-based language assessment instrument on children aged 18-36 months in rural areas. Methods : The subjects were children aged 18-36 months and their parents / caregivers who were participants of Sukarapih neighborhood health center in the village, District Tambelang, Bekasi Regency. Parents / caregivers should be able to read and understand Bahasa Indonesia. The children's language development was assessed using the modified REEL (receptive Expressive Emergent Language) scale by their parents and the ELM (Early Language Milestone) scale by the researcher. The REEL-scale assessment results was compared with ELM scale through a diagnostic test for sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values as well as likelihood ratio (LR). Results : The subjects consisted of 100 children and 100 parents / caregivers taken from four neighborhood health center. The REEL scale has 72.73% sensitivity, 98.87% specificity, 88.89% positive predictive value, 96.70% negative predictive value, 64.73 positive LR and of 0.28 negative LR. Conclusion : The REEL Scale can be used to assess language development disorders in children aged 18-36 months in rural areas by using simplified and easy to understand sentences.]