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"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan, dampak serta alternatif pengendalian sampah di Pantai Kuta.Luas daerah asal sampah dihitung dengan sistem informasi geografis. Dampak kelimpahan sampah dihitung berdasarkan biaya penanggulangan dan hilangnya pendapatan para pelaku usaha di Pantai Kuta. Model kelimpahan dan pengendalian sampahmenggunakan sistem dinamik dengan software PowersimConstructor 2.5D. Sumber sampah Pantai Kuta berasal dari aktivitas pariwisata di Pantai Kuta dan sampah yang terdampar di Pantai Kuta dari Selat Bali. Sampah Selat Bali berasal dari DAS Selat Bali dan interaksi dari laut sekitar. Luas DAS Selat Bali sekitar 4.470 Km2yang terdiri dari 2.419 Km2 di Pulau Jawa dan 2.051 Km2 di Pulau Bali. Berdasarkan kabupaten/kota, terdapat 3 kabupaten di Pulau Jawa (Banyuwangi, Jember, Bondowoso) dan 5 kabupaten/kota di Pulau Bali (Denpasar, Badung, Tabanan, Jembrana dan Buleleng) yang sebagian wilayahnya berada di DAS Selat Bali. Dampak sampah di Pantai Kuta pada Januari2011 telah mengurangi pendapatan pelaku usaha hingga 71% dan meningkatkan biaya pembersihan sebesar 63%-75%.Pemodelan kelimpahan sampah mengunakan data fluktuasi sampah selama 72 bulan dari Mei 2007 hingga April 2013.Proyeksi pemodelan dilakukan selama 72 bulan dari Mei 2013 hingga April 2019. Hasil pemodelan kelimpahan sampah Pantai Kuta telah dinyatakan valid dengan nilai AME 0,127. Terdapat dua faktor pengungkit kelimpahan sampah di Pantai Kuta (KSPK) yaitu fraksi sampah yang dibuang ke sungai (F-SDS) dan fraksi sampah pertanian tak terkelola (FSPT). Hasil simulasi dengan 4 kondisi adalah sebagai berikut: 1)Simulasi model yang diperpanjang (business as usual/BAU)mengindikasikan terjadinya peningkatan rata-rata KSPK sebesar 7,16% dibandingkan data 72 bulan sebelumnya. 2) Simulasi model dengan skenario pesimis dengan asumsi FSDS menjadi dua kali lipat akan meningkatkan KSPK rata-rata sebesar 234,70% atau naik sebesar 2,34 kali lipat dibanding BAU 3) skenario moderat dengan asumsi F-SDS dapat dikendalikan menjadi setengahnya akan dapat menurunkan KSPK sebesar 10,79% dibanding BAU 4) skenario optimis asumsi F-SDS dan F-SPT dapat dikendalikan menjadi setengahnya akan dapat menurunkan KSPK sebesar 16,13% di banding BAU. Pengendalian KSPK dapat dilakukan dengan peningkatan kerjasama antar pemerintah di DAS Selat Bali dengan target utama adalah penurunan F-SDS dan F-SPT.

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The study aims to determine the abundance,impact and alternative of litter controlling in Kuta Beach. The area of litter source calculated with geographic information systems. The impact of litter is calculated based on the clean-up costs of litter and loss of income entrepreneurs in Kuta Beach. Models abundance and litter control using dynamic system with software Powersim Constructor 2.5D. The litter source in Kuta Beach derived from activity of tourism and litter that stranded of Bali Strait. The litter Bali Strait is derived from the Bali Strait watershed and the interaction of the surrounding sea. Bali Strait watershed area around 4,470 km2 consisting of 2,419 km2 in Java and 2,051 km2 in the island of Bali. Based on the district/city, there are 3 districts in Java (Banyuwangi, Jember, Bondowoso) and 5 districts/cities on the island of Bali (Denpasar, Badung, Tabanan, Jembrana and Buleleng) is partially of their area located in Bali Strait watershed. The impact of litter on Kuta Beach in January 2011 has reduced entrepreneurs income by 71% and increases cleaning costs by 63%-75%. Modeling abundance using litter data for 72 months from May 2007 until April 2013. Projection conducted for 72 months from May 2013 until April 2019.

Modeling has been declared valid with the AME value of 0.127. There are two factors leverage abundance of litter on Kuta Beach (KSPK) is the fractions of litter dumped into the river (F-SDS) and fractions of unmanaged agricultural litter (F-SPT). The simulation results with 4 conditions are as follows: 1) Thesimulation model is extended (Business as usual / BAU) indicated an average increase of 7.16% KSPK than previous 72 months. 2) Simulation model of the pessimistic scenario assuming the F-SDS doubled, KSPK will increase by an average of 234.70%, up by 2.34 times compared to BAU 3) moderate scenario assuming the F-SDS can be controlled by half, KSPK will decrease by 10.79% compared to BAU 4) optimistic scenario assuming the F-SDS and F-SPT can be controlled by half, could decrease KSPK by 16.13% compared to BAU. KSPK control can be done withcooperation among governments in the Bali Strait watershed with the main target is the reduction of F-SDS and F-SPT."

"Penelitian di ekosistem mangrove Tanjung Lesung, Banten bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang struktur dan komposisi vegetasi; potensi produksi dan kecepatan dekomposisi serasah, dan produksi C,N, P; serta kemampuan menyimpan dan menyerap karbon mangrove. Struktur dan komposisi vegetasi diukur dengan transek kuadrat dengan total luasan pengamatan 3300 m2. Produksi serasah dihitung menggunakan perangkap serasah ukuran 1x1 m2. Laju dekomposisi serasah diukur selama 84 hari dengan pengamatan setiap 14 hari sekali. Cadangan karbon diestimasi dengan persamaan allometrik. Total spesies vegetasi yang ditemukan di areal penelitian adalah 7 spesies dari 6 famili. Vegetasi tingkat pohon dan belta didominasi oleh Lumnitzera racemosa dengan kerapatan 670 pohon/ha dan 2252 pohon/ha. Produksi serasah sebesar 1,571 ± 0,924 g/m2/hari, tersusun atas daun 1,563 ± 0,916 gr/m2/hari (99,50%) dan ranting sebesar 0,008 ± 0,048 gr/m2/hari (0,50%). Laju dekomposisi serasah sebesar 0,09 ± 0,07 gr/hari dengan persentase serasah daun yang terdekomposisi/hilang sebesar 47,9 ± 15,5%. Potensi unsur hara dari serasah daun sebesar 0,025 ± 0,002 g C/m2/hari; dan 0,001 ± 0,0006 g N/m2/hari; serta 0,0003 ± 0,00026 g P/m2/hari. Rata-rata unsur karbon yang terlepas dari serasah daun selama proses dekomposisi sebesar 5,36 ± 2,24%, sementara untuk nitrogen sebesar 0,009 ± 0,008%, dan total phosfat sebesar 0,0012 ± 0,00038%. Biomassa dan kandungan karbon di atas dan bawah permukaan tanah sebesar 24,29 ton/ha dengan 11,4 ton C/ha, kandungan karbon tanah sebesar 127,88 ton C/ha. Total cadangan karbon mangrove di Tanjung Lesung sebesar 139,296 ton C/ha, sebesar 91,8% cadangan karbon tersimpan dalam tanah. Kemampuan menyerap CO2 atmosfer sebesar 24,522 Ton CO2/ha untuk tingkat pohon dan 4,79 Ton CO2/ha untuk tingkat anakan.

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Research in mangrove ecosystem of Tanjung Lesung, Banten aims to obtain information of vegetation structure and composition; production, decomposition rates, nutrient contribution of mangrove litter; and potential carbon stocks. Structure and composition of vegetation measured by quadrant method, with total observation area is 3300 m2. Litter production was collected using the litter-trap (1 x 1m) during two months. Litter decomposition rates were measured for 84 days with observations every 14 days. Carbon stock are estimated by allometric equation. The diversity of mangrove vegetation consists of 7 species from 6 families. At the tree level and sapling, vegetation is dominated by Lumnitzera racemosa has the density around 670 tree/ha and 2252 tree/ha. Litter production is about 1,571 ± 0,924 g/m2/day, that consist of leaf 1,563 ± 0,916 gr/m2/day (99,50%) and stalk 0,008 ± 0,048 gr/m2/day (0,50%). Litter decomposition rate is about 0,09 ± 0,07 gr/day with the percentage of litter decomposed of 47,9 ± 15,5%. The potential of litter nutrient are 0,025 ± 0,02 g C/m2/day; 0,001 ± 0,0006 g N/m2/day; and 0,0003 ± 0,00026 g P/m2/day. Carbon average that was detached from litter during decomposition is 5,36 ± 2,24%, while for nitrogen is 0,009 ± 0,008%, and total phosphate is 0,0012 ± 0,00038%. Biomass and carbon stock above and below the ground surface are 24,29 ton/ha with 11,4 tons C/ha. Carbon stock of sedimen mangrove is 127,88 ton C/ha. Total carbon stock of mangrove in Tanjung Lesung, Banten is about 139,296 ton C/ha, where 91,8% of them stored in sediment mangrove. The ability to absorb CO2 in atmosphere is 24,522 tons CO2/ha for trees level and 4,79 tons CO2/ha for sapling."

"Litter production is one of the major nutrient enrichments in a mangrove forest. Investigation on nutrient components in litter will lead to evaluation of nutrient accumulation. Therefore, this research aimed to 1) evaluate litter production in tropical mangrove forest at Klong Khone, Samut Songkhram province, Thailand; 2) investigate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in litter; and, 3) observe sediment quality and existing mangrove condition in the study area. Litter and sediment were collected at Klong Khone, Samut Songkhram province in September-October 2015. Litter samples were analyzed for biomass production, and composition of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Sediment samples were analyzed for pH, salinity, water content, grain size composition, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Results showed that leaf, branch, and fruit litter production were 65.02, 47.94 and 19.03 g DW/m2/month, respectively. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content in the litter were 20.36, 0.37 and 4.47 mg/g DW leaf litter, respectively. The value of pH, salinity and water content of sediment ranged from 6.66-7.50, 3.30-9.28 ppt and 52.24-69.65%, respectively. Sediment was composed of fine sand (0.125-1 mm) 7.68%, silt (0.06-0.125 mm) 6.13%, and clay (smaller than 0.06 mm) 86.19%. By using statistical analysis (t-test), results showed no difference of all parameters between months. However, during the research, it was found that organic carbon decreased 2.37 mg C/g DW sediment; meanwhile nitrogen and phosphorus increased 0.44 mg N and 0.12 mg P /g DW sediment, respectively. Finally, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation by litterfall were found to be 1877, 34 and 734 mg/m2/month, respectively. These results will help in clarifying nutrient dynamic pathway by mangrove trees which play an important role in coastal and estuarine ecosystem restoration."

"Kelompok Actinobacteria berfilamen merupakan bakteri Gram positif yang beberapa anggotanya diketahui memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi selulosa dengan menghasilkan selulase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan tumbuh isolat Actinobacteria-like GL1-2, GL1-9, dan GL1-12 pada variasi media agar (ISP 1, ISP 2, ISP 3, dan modified Bennett’s) dan suhu (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, dan 55°C), serta mengetahui kemampuan selulolitiknya pada substrat 1% CMC di berbagai suhu (30, 35, 40, 45, 50, dan 55°C). Kemampuan selulolitik diuji dengan menginokulasi biakan pada medium agar minimal (Mm) dengan penambahan 1% CMC, kemudian diinkubasi pada berbagai suhu selama 3, 7, dan 14 hari. Kemampuan selulolitik diamati dengan terbentuknya zona bening di sekitar koloni setelah ditetesi 0,1% Congo red dan dibilas dengan larutan NaCl 1 M. Isolat GL1-2 dan GL1-9 menunjukkan pertumbuhan miselium substrat dalam jumlah banyak pada semua medium yang diuji, namun sporulasi penuh hanya teramati pada medium ISP 1 agar dan MBA. Isolat GL1-12 menunjukkan pertumbuhan miselium substrat yang baik kecuali pada medium ISP 2 agar, namun sporulasi hanya teramati pada medium ISP 3 agar. Suhu pertumbuhan isolat GL1-2 dan GL1-9 berkisar antara 30--55°C, sedangkan GL1-12 berkisar antara 35--55°C. Hasil uji kemampuan selulolitik menunjukkan bahwa isolat GL1-2 dan GL19 memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi 1% CMC pada suhu 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, dan 55°C. Isolat GL1-12 memiliki kemampuan selulolitik pada suhu 40, 45, 50, dan 55°C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga isolat Actinobacteria-like dari serasah di kawasan sumber air panas gunung Galunggung memiliki potensi menghasilkan enzim selulase di berbagai suhu yang diuji.

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Members of Gram-positive filamentous Actinobacteria are some recognized for their ability to degrade cellulose by producing cellulase. This study aimed to determine the growth ability of three Actinobacteria-like isolates (designated isolates GL1-2, GL19, and GL1-12) obtained from litter samples of mount Galunggung hot spring, Tasikmalaya, West Java, on various agar media (ISP 1, ISP 2, ISP 3, and modified Bennett’s) and temperatures (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55°C), along with their cellulolytic ability on 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as substrate. Cellulolytic ability was tested by inoculating the cultures on minimal (Mm) agar plates with the addition of 1% CMC, and incubated at various temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55°C) for 3, 7, and 14-days. Cellulolytic ability was observed as formation of clear zone surrounding the colonies after being flooded with 0.1% Congo red and rinsed with 1 M NaCl solution. The results showed that isolates GL1-2 and GL1-9 have abundant substrate mycelia formation on all media tested, while optimal sporulation was only observed on ISP 1 agar and MBA. Isolate GL1-12 showed good growth of substrate mycelia except on ISP 2 agar, however sporulation was poorly observed only on ISP 3 agar. Growth temperatures of isolates GL1-2 and GL1-9 were ranging from 30 to 55°C, while GL112 was ranging from 35 to 55°C. Isolates GL1-2 and GL1-9 have the ability to degrade 1% CMC at 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55°C. Isolate GL1-12 has celulolytic ability at temperatures of 40, 45, 50, and 55°C. This study revealed that Actinobacteria-like isolates obtained from litter samples of mount Galunggung hot spring, Tasikmalaya are potential cellulase-producers on various tested temperatures.

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"[ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai peran siput Terebralia dalam mengurai serasah mangrove dan menyimpan karbon telah dilakukan pada bulan November hingga Desember 2013. Hasil penelitian kepadatan, Terebralia palustris memiliki nilai kepadatan yang paling tinggi yaitu 25 individu/m2. Sedangkan Terebralia sulcata memiliki nilai kepadatan yang lebih rendah yaitu 15 individu/m2. Kandungan karbon yang tersimpan dalam tubuh T. palustris berkisar antara 16,27?18,89% dengan rata-rata sebesar 17,45%. Sedangkan karbon yang tersimpan dalam tubuh T. sulcata berkisar antara 15,98?17,62% dengan rata-rata 16,87%. Potensi penyimpanan karbon oleh T.palustris sebesar 4374 gr C/m2 dan T. sulcata, berpotensi menyimpan karbon sebesar 2609 gr C/m2. Berdasarkan analisis statistik, terdapat korelasi antara panjang maupun berat T. palustris terhadap total karbon dengan masing-masing P= 0,001 dan P= 0,002. Sebaliknya, pada T.sulcata tidak terdapat korelasi antara panjang maupun berat cangkangnya terhadap total karbon yang dikandungnya dengan masing-masing P= 0,071 dan P= 0,289. Penelitian mengenai penguraian seresah dilakukan hanya menggunakan Terebralia dewasa yaitu, Terebralia palustris lebih dari 5 cm dan Terebralia sulcata lebih dari 3 cm. Dalam pengambilan data selanjutnya, dibuat 30 titik kuadran dengan ukuran 0,25 x 0,25 m yang ditentukan secara acak. Rata-rata persentase penguraian serasah oleh T. palustris adalah sebesar 3,48% ± 0,18 /hari untuk R. apiculata dan 8,28% ± 0,13 /hari untuk R. stylosa. Sedangkan T. sulcata mengurai serasah rata-rata sebesar 4,07% ± 0,12 /hari untuk R. apiculata dan 4,93 % ± 0,15 /hari untuk R. stylosa. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa tidak ditemukan korelasi antara panjang dan berat T.palustris dengan persentase penguraiannya. Begitu pula dengan T.sulcata, tidak ditemukan korelasi antara berat dengan laju penguraiannya. Sebaliknya, terdapat korelasi antara panjang T. sulcata dengan persentase penguraiannya.

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ABSTRACTResearch on the role of Terebralia snails in mangrove leaf litter removal and store carbon was held in November and December 2013. Density of research results, Terebralia palustris has the highest density value of 400 individu/m2 . While Terebralia sulcata has a lower density value is 240 individu/m2. Carbon content stored in the body T. palustris ranged from 16.27 to 18.89 % with an average of 17.45 % . While the carbon stored in the body of T. sulcata ranged from 15.98 to 17.62 % with an average of 16.87 %. Potential carbon storage by T. palustris is 4374 g C/m2, whereas T. sulcata potentially storing carbon at 2609 g C/m2. Measurement of litter removal activity was carried out in mangrove dominated by Rhizophora sp. The research location was located in the intertidal mangrove affected part tide. Research conducted using only adult Terebralia such as, Terebralia palustris more than 5 cm and Terebralia sulcata more than 3 cm. In subsequent data collection, we made 30 points quadrant with 0.25 x 0.25 m size was determined at random. The average percentage of leaf litter removal by T. palustris is equal to 3,48% ± 0,18 / day for R. apiculata and 8,28% ± 0,13/ day for R. stylosa . While T. sulcata litter parse an average of 4,07% ± 0,12 / day for R. apiculata and 4,93 % ± 0,15 / day for R. stylosa . The results also show that there were no correlation was found between the length and weight percentage T.palustris with decay. Similar with T.sulcata, no correlation was found between the weight of the rate of decay. Instead, there is a correlation between the length of T. sulcata with the percentage of decay.;Research on the role of Terebralia snails in mangrove leaf litter removal and store carbon was held in November and December 2013. Density of research results, Terebralia palustris has the highest density value of 400 individu/m2 . While Terebralia sulcata has a lower density value is 240 individu/m2. Carbon content stored in the body T. palustris ranged from 16.27 to 18.89 % with an average of 17.45 % . While the carbon stored in the body of T. sulcata ranged from 15.98 to 17.62 % with an average of 16.87 %. Potential carbon storage by T. palustris is 4374 g C/m2, whereas T. sulcata potentially storing carbon at 2609 g C/m2. Measurement of litter removal activity was carried out in mangrove dominated by Rhizophora sp. The research location was located in the intertidal mangrove affected part tide. Research conducted using only adult Terebralia such as, Terebralia palustris more than 5 cm and Terebralia sulcata more than 3 cm. In subsequent data collection, we made 30 points quadrant with 0.25 x 0.25 m size was determined at random. The average percentage of leaf litter removal by T. palustris is equal to 3,48% ± 0,18 / day for R. apiculata and 8,28% ± 0,13/ day for R. stylosa . While T. sulcata litter parse an average of 4,07% ± 0,12 / day for R. apiculata and 4,93 % ± 0,15 / day for R. stylosa . The results also show that there were no correlation was found between the length and weight percentage T.palustris with decay. Similar with T.sulcata, no correlation was found between the weight of the rate of decay. Instead, there is a correlation between the length of T. sulcata with the percentage of decay.;Research on the role of Terebralia snails in mangrove leaf litter removal and store carbon was held in November and December 2013. Density of research results, Terebralia palustris has the highest density value of 400 individu/m2 . While Terebralia sulcata has a lower density value is 240 individu/m2. Carbon content stored in the body T. palustris ranged from 16.27 to 18.89 % with an average of 17.45 % . While the carbon stored in the body of T. sulcata ranged from 15.98 to 17.62 % with an average of 16.87 %. Potential carbon storage by T. palustris is 4374 g C/m2, whereas T. sulcata potentially storing carbon at 2609 g C/m2. Measurement of litter removal activity was carried out in mangrove dominated by Rhizophora sp. The research location was located in the intertidal mangrove affected part tide. Research conducted using only adult Terebralia such as, Terebralia palustris more than 5 cm and Terebralia sulcata more than 3 cm. In subsequent data collection, we made 30 points quadrant with 0.25 x 0.25 m size was determined at random. The average percentage of leaf litter removal by T. palustris is equal to 3,48% ± 0,18 / day for R. apiculata and 8,28% ± 0,13/ day for R. stylosa . While T. sulcata litter parse an average of 4,07% ± 0,12 / day for R. apiculata and 4,93 % ± 0,15 / day for R. stylosa . The results also show that there were no correlation was found between the length and weight percentage T.palustris with decay. Similar with T.sulcata, no correlation was found between the weight of the rate of decay. Instead, there is a correlation between the length of T. sulcata with the percentage of decay., Research on the role of Terebralia snails in mangrove leaf litter removal and store carbon was held in November and December 2013. Density of research results, Terebralia palustris has the highest density value of 400 individu/m2 . While Terebralia sulcata has a lower density value is 240 individu/m2. Carbon content stored in the body T. palustris ranged from 16.27 to 18.89 % with an average of 17.45 % . While the carbon stored in the body of T. sulcata ranged from 15.98 to 17.62 % with an average of 16.87 %. Potential carbon storage by T. palustris is 4374 g C/m2, whereas T. sulcata potentially storing carbon at 2609 g C/m2. Measurement of litter removal activity was carried out in mangrove dominated by Rhizophora sp. The research location was located in the intertidal mangrove affected part tide. Research conducted using only adult Terebralia such as, Terebralia palustris more than 5 cm and Terebralia sulcata more than 3 cm. In subsequent data collection, we made 30 points quadrant with 0.25 x 0.25 m size was determined at random. The average percentage of leaf litter removal by T. palustris is equal to 3,48% ± 0,18 / day for R. apiculata and 8,28% ± 0,13/ day for R. stylosa . While T. sulcata litter parse an average of 4,07% ± 0,12 / day for R. apiculata and 4,93 % ± 0,15 / day for R. stylosa . The results also show that there were no correlation was found between the length and weight percentage T.palustris with decay. Similar with T.sulcata, no correlation was found between the weight of the rate of decay. Instead, there is a correlation between the length of T. sulcata with the percentage of decay.]"

"Telah dilakukan penelitian aktivitas antibakteri 38 isolat actinomycetes hasil isolasi dari serasah pada ekosistem bakau di Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Penapisan dengan plug method menunjukkan bahwa isolat SRM 2 merupakan isolat terunggul dengan Indeks Aktivitas IA antibakteri terhadap Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708 1,60, Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910 1,18, dan Escherichia coli NBRC 3301 0,71. Produksi senyawa antibakteri dari isolat SRM 2 dilakukan dengan metode still culture pada dua medium berbeda yaitu Cross Streak Media CSM broth dan Production Medium IV PM4 selama 3, 6, dan 9 hari inkubasi. Hasil uji antibakteri dari filtrat medium fermentasi menggunakan diffusion method menunjukkan bahwa medium CSM broth yang diinkubasi selama 6 hari memiliki IA tertinggi terhadap bakteri uji. Ekstraksi senyawa antibakteri dilakukan dengan pelarut etil asetat dan ekstrak kasar diuji pada konsentrasi 20 mg/mL. Hasil uji menunjukkan adanya IA antibakteri hanya terhadap K. rhizophila 0,45 0,08. Sementara hasil uji filtrat medium setelah ekstraksi dengan etil asetat menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri terhadap K. rhizophila IA: 1,75 0,16, S. aureus IA: 1,18 0,36, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 IA: 0,16 0,05, E. coli IA: 0,79 0,03, dan Pseudomonas sp. IA: 0,10 0,04. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa isolat SRM 2 menghasilkan senyawa antibakteri bersifat sangat polar dan semi polar. Senyawa sangat polar terlarut dalam filtrat medium, sedangkan senyawa semi polar terekstraksi dengan etil asetat. Hasil analisis dengan High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC menunjukkan masih adanya senyawa antibakteri dalam filtrat medium setelah diekstraksi dengan etil asetat.

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Research about antibacterial activity of 38 actinomycetes isolates from leaf litter of mangrove ecosystem in Pramuka island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta was carried out. Screening of antibacterial activity by plug method showed isolate SRM 2 was the most potential isolate which Activity Index AI against Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708 1.60, Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910 1.18, and Escherichia coli NBRC 3301 0.71. Production of antibacterial compound from isolate SRM 2 was done by using still culture method on Cross Streak Media CSM broth and Production Medium IV PM 4 for 3, 6, and 9 days incubation. Antibacterial test using filtrate medium by diffusion method showed CSM broth incubated for 6 days has the highest AI against bacterial tested. Extraction of antibacterial compound was done by ethyl acetate solvent and 20 mg ml extracts were tested. Antibacterial test showed AI of antibacterial against K. rhizophila AI 0.45 0.08. Meanwhile antibacterial test using filtrate medium after extraction showed antibacterial activity against K. rhizophila AI 1.75 0.16, S. aureus AI 1.18 0.36, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 AI 0.16 0.05, E. coli AI 0.79 0.03, and Pseudomonas sp. AI 0.10 0.04. Antibacterial coumpounds from isolate SRM 2 were highly polar and semi polar. Highly polar compound dissolved in filtrate medium, while semi polar compound extracted with ethyl acetate. Analysis using High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC proved antibacterial compund contained in filtrate medium after extraction by ethyl acetate."

"Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret--Juni 2013 di Hutan Mangrove Pancer Cengkrong, Trenggalek, Jawa Timur. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi komposisi vegetasi, potensi stok karbon, produksi, laju dekomposisi dan kontribusi nutrisi serasah mangrove. Komposisi vegetasi diukur menggunakan transek kuadran. Stok karbon diestimasi dengan persamaan allometrik. Produksi serasah dihitung menggunakan perangkap serasah ukuran 1x1m2. Laju dekomposisi serasah diukur selama 56 hari dengan pengamatan 2 minggu sekali. Kontribusi serasah ke perairan diperoleh dengan menyaring serasah pada saluran air saat laut surut. Sebanyak 26 spesies telah diidentifikasi (17 mangrove sejati dan 9 mangrove asosiasi). Vegetasi pohon didominasi oleh Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith dengan kerapatan 596 pohon/ha sedangkan anakan dan semai didominasi Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Robinson (kerapatan 1.745 anakan/ha; 34.745 semai/ha). Stok karbon dan biomassa total di lokasi penelitian masing-masing 185,81 ton/ha dan 400,45 ton/ha (total serapan CO2 sebesar 681,91 ton/ha). Sebagian besar sumbangan stok karbon berasal dari S. alba, Rhizophora apiculata Blume, dan Avicennia alba Blume. Produksi serasah 1,42 g/m2/hari, tersusun atas daun 84%, organ reproduksi 9% dan ranting 7%. Potensi nutrisi serasah 0,4 gC/m2/hari dan 0,012 gN/m2/hari. Serasah dilepas ke perairan sebesar 11,15 g/m3/hari. Laju dekomposisi serasah daun paling cepat ialah R. apiculata (0,20 g/hari). Nilai nutrisi tertinggi terdapat pada S. alba dengan rasio C:N 62,90.

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Research has been conducted in March--June 2013 on the Mangrove Forest Cengkrong Pancer, Trenggalek, East Java. The objectives were to obtain information of vegetation composition, potential carbon stocks, production, decomposition rates, and nutrient contribution of mangrove litter. There were 50 quadrants on tree stations for vegetation analysis. Potential carbon stock was calculated by allometric equations. Littertrap size 1x1 m2 used to calculate litter production. Decomposition rate calculated for 56 days by once observation in two weeks. Litter contribution to waters was obtained by filtering water channel at low tide. The total of 26 species were identified (17 true mangroves and 9 association mangroves). The vegetation dominated by Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith (596 trees/ha) while the saplings and seedlings dominated by Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Robinson (1,745 saplings/ha; 34,745 seedlings/ha). Total biomass were 400.45 ton/ha and carbon stocks 185.81 ton/ha (CO2 uptake 681,91 ton/ha). The carbon stocks were donated from S. alba, Rhizophora apiculata Blume, dan Avicennia alba Blume. The production of litter was 1.42 g/m2/day consisting of leaves 84%, reproductive organs 9%, and twigs 7% respectively. The litter contained 0.4 gC/m2/day and 0.012 gN/m2/day. In addition 11.15 g/m3/day litters flow towards the waters during high tide. The fastest decomposition rate of leaf litter was R. apiculata (0.20 g/day). While the highest nutritional value from S. alba with C:N ratio of 62.90."