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"This paper analyzes the impact of GDP per-capita, population, economic growth, PAD, DAU, capital expenditure, and surplus/deficit nonfinancial factor on local governments/minicipals debt behavior...."

"ABSTRACTThe IPCC in 2015 has recognized the critical role of local governments in scaling up the adaptation of communities to climate change. The role will be executed properly if the leaders have an awareness of climate change as a strategic agenda in his administration. In the context of Indonesia, the vision and mission of a regional head can be a clue as to how he supports efforts in tackling climate change. The five-year regional development plan is anelaboration of the development agendas offered by a regional head in his vision and mission.Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the future of climate change policy in some provincial governments based on the vision and mission of the elected governors. To achieve the goal, the author employs a qualitative approach to analyze the contents of the vision and mission and their preference to climate change. The results of the study indicate that the elected governors are still not very aware of climate change and did not specify it in their vision and mission. Therefore, in the preparation of five-year regional development plan, it is necessary for some stakeholders to address and specifically mention the issues of climate change."

"Proses globalisasi maupun regionalisasi memperkuat peran aktor-aktor yang secara tradisional tidak lazim dianggap sebagai aktor internasional. Termasuk di antara aktor-aktor ini adalah pemerintah lokal. Aktivitas pemerintah lokal dalam melakukan hubungan luar negeri disebut paradiplomasi, yang salah satu bentuknya adalah relasi kota kembar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif studi kasus terhadap relasi kota kembar Jakarta-Beijing, berkenaan dengan kesulitannya untuk mendukung program-program yang memiliki dampak strategis terhadap masyarakat Jakarta. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengungkap faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kesulitan tersebut. Metode process tracing dipergunakan di dalam pelaksanaannya, sehingga keterkaitan antar faktor dapat dilihat dengan jelas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan dan praktek paradiplomasi di Indonesia terlalu bebas dan tidak diarahkan untuk mendukung hubungan luar negeri di tingkat pemerintah pusat. Masalah birokrasi juga membuat Jakarta menghadapi kesulitan menetapkan visi dalam melaksanakan paradiplomasi, dan partisipasi masyarakat sulit diharapkan karena apatisme serta diskriminasi historis terhadap kalangan Tionghoa-Indonesia. Selain itu, paradiplomasi pemerintah lokal di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok sudah lebih terarah dan lebih terpadu dengan kebijakan hubungan luar negeri Tiongkok; pelaksanaannya bahkan memanfaatkan jaringan kontak dengan pengusaha overseas chinese di Indonesia. Hal ini menimbulkan resiko bagi Jakarta, yang menyebabkannya cenderung menuruti program rutin dibanding mencoba mengembangkan program strategis. Sehubungan dengan itu, pemerintah pusat perlu mengembangkan kebijakan hubungan luar negeri yang mengoptimalkan dan mengarahkan kebijakan serta praktek paradiplomasi pemerintah lokal untuk mendukung hubungan luar negeri di tingkat negara. Di lain pihak, pemerintah lokal perlu membuat visi, menggariskan sasaran-sasaran yang jelas, serta merangkul kalangan masyarakat serta pengusaha dalam melaksanakan relasi kota kembar.

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The process of globalization and regionalization strengthen the role of actors which are not traditionally considered as international actors. Among these actors are the local governments. The efforts of local governments in conducting foreign relations is termed paradiplomacy, and one of its forms is the sister city relations. This research is a qualitative case study of the Jakarta-Beijing sister city relations, regarding its difficulty to support programs with strategic impacts on the people of Jakarta. The goal is to uncover the factors which causes the problems. This research implements process tracing, so that the linkages between factors can be seen clearly.

Results showed that Indonesian paradiplomatic policies and practices lend too much liberty to the local governments, and were not specially set to support the country's foreign relations. Bureaucratic problems also contribute to Jakarta's difficulties in implementing its own vision for conducting paradiplomacy. Community participation can hardly be expected due to apathy and the historical discrimination against Chinese-Indonesians. Furthermore, local governments in the People?s Republic of China have implemented paradiplomatic policies and practices which are focused and integrated with the conducting of Chinese foreign relations; their implementations even utilize the network of contacts with overseas Chinese business persons in Indonesia. This poses a risk to Jakarta, which ultimately tends to follow regular programs rather than trying to develop a strategic program. Accordingly, the central government needs to develop foreign relations policies which optimize and guide the paradiplomatic policies and practices of the local government for the country?s foreign relations. On the other hand, local governments need to create a vision, outlines clear goals, and embrace the community as well as the private sector in carrying out a successful sister city relationship."