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"The key objective of this paper is to bring about the notion of "Marketable permits" into consideration in Indonesian academic and policy-level discourse on environmental issues. It shows how economics has cvolved in its mission to find a way around preserving the environment while ensuring economic activities. As an alternative to the more traditional yet widely adopted, "command-and-control" approach, economists have offered ti relatively new approach, namely "iradable marketable peemits". It is another from the "market approach, previously represented by the the "tax and/or subsidy" approach. This paper focuses on the marketable permits. In particular, it summarizes the recent development in the field with a hope to provide a fruitful alternative to help solve the problem in Indonesia. Nevertheless, some caveats are discussed."

"Penelitian ini mengkaji dampak pembangunan infrastruktur transportasi udara terhadap aktivitas ekonomi lokal di Indonesia dengan pendekatan market access. Variabel dependen diukur menggunakan data intensitas cahaya malam satelit NOAA-VIIRS yang diekstrak pada tingkat batas administratif desa sebagai proksi aktivitas ekonomi. Variabel utama yang dianalisis yakni indeks akses udara dikonstruksi dengan kerangka closeness centrality dengan menggabungkan data rute penerbangan aktif dari Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara, data proyeksi penduduk dari BPS, serta data batas desa dari Kementerian Desa dan Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal. Estimasi dilakukan dengan fixed effects model pada data tingkat desa. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan akses udara secara signifikan berkorelasi positif dengan pertumbuhan aktivitas ekonomi desa di Pulau Jawa, namun tidak ditemukan efek serupa di luar Jawa. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa manfaat ekonomi dari infrastruktur udara bersifat kontekstual dan tergantung pada struktur aglomerasi yang telah terbentuk. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi metodologis melalui pengembangan indeks akses udara berbasis centrality serta penerapan pendekatan market access pada uji dampak infrastruktur transportasi yang masih minim diulas dalam konteks negara berkembang.

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This research examines the impact of air transportation infrastructure development on local economic activity in Indonesia using a market access approach. The dependent variable is measured using NOAA-VIIRS satellite nighttime light intensity data, extracted at the village administrative boundary level, as a proxy for economic activity. The main variable analyzed, the air access index, is constructed using a closeness centrality framework by combining active flight route data from the Directorate General of Air Transportation, population projection data from BPS (Statistics Indonesia), and village boundary data from the Ministry of Villages, Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration. Estimation is performed using a fixed-effects model on village-level data. The results show that increased air access is significantly and positively correlated with the growth of village economic activity on Java Island, but no similar effect was found outside Java. These findings indicate that the economic benefits of air infrastructure are contextual and depend on the existing agglomeration structure. This study provides methodological contributions through the development of a centrality-based air access index and the application of a market access approach to impact assessments of transportation infrastructure, which are still rarely discussed in the context of developing countries."

"Usaha mikro merupakan skala usaha yang paling dominan di Indonesia dan pertumbuhannya menjadi faktor penting yang mendasari pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional. Dibalik perannya yang penting tersebeu, menurut berbagai hasil empiris di sejumlah negara berkembang, usaha mikro masih menghadapi beberapa hambatan yaitu akses keuangan dan akses pasar. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini membahas berusaha menyelidiki dua akses tersebut terhadap usaha mikro di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode analsis data panel dari Indonesia Family Life Survey. Hasil penelitian ini menyajikan bahwa usaha mikro yang mendapatkan pinjaman modal dari lembaga keuangan formal dan berada di wilayah dengan infrastruktur yang memadai memiliki kinerja usaha yang lebih baik.

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Micro enterprises are the most dominant business scale in Indonesia and its growth is the most important factor of national economic growth. Behind its important role, according to various empirical results in some developing countries, micro enterprises still face some difficulties in financial access and market access. Therefore, this study discusses those factors on micro enterprises performance in Indonesia using the data panel analysis method from the Indonesian Family Life Survey. The results of this study indicate micro enterprises that obtain capital loans from formal financial institutions and are located in a region with adequate infrastructure have a better business performance."