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"Liposomes are used for drug carriers meaning that drugs are incorporated in the membrance or the vesicle of the liposomes. In this study, liposomes were prepared from mixed micelles, consisting of phosphatidylcholone, without or with cholesterol and sodium cholate was added in several ratios namely 0.44; 0.55; 0.63; 0.70; 0.90 and 1.10. After the preparation, the sodium cholate has been removed by a dialysis membrance, using the Hemoflow High Flux, which is generally used for haemodialysis. The Hemoflow High Flux is a tool an effort to obtain a simple, quick, effective method for removing sodium cholate in the process of preparing liposomes. The effectiveness of this tool was proved by the particle size of the liposome which was measured by the Malvern Particle Sizer. The particle size of the liposome consisting of phosphatidycholine (PC) without cholesterol and with cholesterol was 63-68 nm at all ratios andapproximately 125 nm at the ratio of 0.55; 0.63; 0.70, respectively. The particle size of the liposome tended to be smaller after dialyzing although the concentration of lipids tended to increase. However, a larger amount of buffer solution has to be used with this method."

"Pemanfaatan mikrosfer sebagai agen penghantar obat telah banyak dikembangkan. Polipaduan PLLA dan PCL digunakan sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan mikrosfer untuk meningkatkan kemampuan permeabilitas dan laju degradasi dari mikrosfer. Pada penelitian ini mikrosfer polipaduan dibuat dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi surfaktan, kecepatan pengadukan dispersi, dan waktu pengadukan dispersi untuk melihat pengaruhnya terhadap bentuk fisik mikrosfer, persen padatan mikrosfer yang diperoleh, serta ukuran dan keseragaman dari mikrosfer. Mikrosfer yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi dengan FT IR, PSA, dan Mikroskop Stereo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar konsentrasi surfaktan yang digunakan menghasilkan ukuran mikrosfer yang semakin kecil. Pada variasi kecepatan pengadukan, jika kecepatan pengadukan ditingkatkan diperoleh ukuran mikrosfer yang semakin kecil, namun setelah melewati kondisi optimum kecepatan yang terlampau tinggi mengakibatkan ukuran kembali besar karena meningkatkan kemungkinan mikrosfer yang belum padat untuk bertemu dan menyatu kembali Untuk variasi waktu pengadukan dispersi diperoleh waktu pengadukan paling baik yaitu 1 jam karena menghasilkan mikrosfer dengan ukuran terkecil dan keseragaman yang baik.

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The use of microspheres as drug delivery agents has been widely developed. Polyblend is used as the base material for making microspheres to increase permeability and degradation rates of the microspheres. In this study, the polyblend microspheres were made by varying the surfactant concentration, the dispersion stirring speed, and the time of dispersion stirring to see the effect on the physical shape of the microspheres, the percentage of solid microspheres obtained, the size and uniformity of the microspheres. The microspheres obtained were characterized by FT IR, PSA, and Stereo Microscope.

The results show that the smaller the concentration of surfactants used will result in smaller sizes of microspheres. At variations in stirring speed, if the stirring speed is increased, the smaller the size of the microspheres will be. But after passing the optimum speed, the size of the microspheres will be enlarged again because it increases the possibility of the microspheres that have not been solid to reunite. For variations in the time of dispersion, the best stirring time is obtained 1 hour because it produces microspheres with small size and good uniformity."

"ABSTRAKPestisida nabati berbasis minyak atsiri essential oils dapat dijadikan alternatif sebagai protektan tanaman terhadap serangan hama. Senyawa minyak atsiri cengkeh terbukti memiliki kemampuan insektisida, anti jamur dan anti bakteri. Namun, minyak atsiri menunjukkan volatilitas yang tinggi, dan cepat kehilangan aroma mereka ketika terkena atmosfer dan sensitif terhadap degradasi cahaya, panas, oksigen, serta memiliki masa simpan yang pendek. Enkapsulasi adalah teknik yang efektif digunakan untuk merancang produk dengan sifat pelepasan terkontrol yang memperpanjang fungsi produk minyak atsiri, sehingga dapat memberi perlindungan, mengurangi penguapan serta degradasi. Enkapsulator yang digunakan ialah misel kasein yang merupakan major protein dalam susu yang murah dan mudah didapatkan bersifat sangat stabil non-toksik, biokompatibel serta biodegradable. Dengan volume optimal cengkeh, buffer fosfat, dan CaCl2 sesuai penelitian sebelumnya, dengan pengeringan mini spray dry, diperoleh loading capacity 57,27 dan efisiensi enkapsulasi 87,99 . Uji toksisitas akut pada Apis mellifera diperoleh 4.06907 ppm pada LD50-24 dan 4.00512 ppm pada LD50-48 pada tingkat kepercayaan 95.

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ABSTRACT

Biopesticides essential oil based can be used as a protective alternative to pest attacks. Clove essential oil proven have the ability of insecticides, anti fungal and antibacterial. However, essential oils exhibit high volatility, and rapidly lose their compound when exposed to the atmosphere and are sensitive to the degradation of light, heat, oxygen, and have a short shelf life. Encapsulation is an effective technique used to design products with controlled release properties that extend the functionality of essential oil products, thus providing protection, reducing evaporation and degradation. The encapsulators used are casein micelles which are major proteins in milk which are cheap, easy to obtain, highly stable, non toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable. With the optimal volume of cloves, phosphate buffer, and CaCl2 according to the previous research, with mini spray dry, acquired loading capacity 57.27 and encapsulation efficiency 87.99 . Acute toxicity test on Apis mellifera was obtained 4.06907 ppm at LD50 24 and 4.00512 ppm at LD50 48 at 95 confidence level."

"Penuaan dini pada kulit dapat dicegah dengan produk kosmetik dengan bahan-bahan natural. dicegah dengan produk kosmetik dengan bahan-bahan natural. Asiatikosida adalah salah satu zat aktif yang dapat mencegah penuaan dini dan terkandung di dalam ekstrak Centella asiatica. Namun, asiatikosida memiliki berat molekul yang besar sehingga sulit terpenetrasi ke dalam kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan sediaan mengandung asiatikosida ke dalam sistem pembawa mixed micelles. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan optimasi formula mixed micelles dengan metode direct dissolution, yaitu formulasi F1-F3 dengan konsentrasi campuran surfaktan dan kosurfaktan yang berbeda. Formula di atas selanjutnya dikarakterisasi berdasarkan morfologi, ukuran partikel, nilai zeta potensial dan efisiensi penjerapannya. Hasil yang diperoleh kemudian akan dikembangkan dalam masker anti-aging dan dievaluasi dari aspek organoleptis, homogenitas, stabilitas dan uji penetrasi secara in vitro. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa F1 dengan konsentrasi surfaktan-kosurfaktan total 29,2% merupakan formula terbaik dengan morfologi yang sferis, Zaverage 128,3±9,19 nm, nilai rata-rata indeks polidispersitas 0,36±0,05, nilai rata-rata zeta potensial -23,03±0,28 mV, dan nilai efisiensi penjerapan sebesar 96,91±3,09%. Pengembangan F1 sebagai masker menunjukkan jumlah kumulatif asiatikosida sebesar 3772,50 µg/cm2, persentase jumlah asiatikosida terpenetrasi sebesar 42,51% dan memberikan nilai fluks sebesar 480,77 µg/cm2/jam. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa sediaan mixed micelle memiliki daya penetrasi yang lebih baik dibandingkan sediaan blanko dan memiliki potensi sebagai produk kosmetik anti-aging.

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Premature aging of the skin could be prevented by using anti-aging cosmetic products with natural ingredients. One of the active ingredients to prevent aging of the skin is asiaticoside in Centella asiatica extract. However, it has a large molecular weight, which could make it difficult to penetrate into the skin. This study aims to formulate and characterized asiaticoside from into mixed micelles system which could increase the penetration rate. In this study, the optimization of the mixed micelles formulas with direct dissolution method, formulating F1 – F3 which containing different concentrations of the surfactants-cosurfactants. Furthermore, these formulas will be characterized based on their morphology, particle size, zeta potential value and encapsulation efficiency. Formula with the best result, will be selected and will be developed for anti-aging mask, then evaluated from the aspects of organoleptic, homogeneity, stability and in vitro penetration test using Franz diffusion cells. The results show F1 with 29,2% of surfactant is the best formula with spherical morphology, Zaverage 128,3±9,19 nm, average value of polydispersity index 0,36±0,05, average value of zeta potential is -23,03±0,28 mV, and encapsulation efficiency value of 96,91±3,09%, thus it shall use for the development of anti-aging mask. In the next evaluation, F1 also showed the cumulative amount of asiaticoside was 3772,50 μg/cm2, the percentage of asiaticoside penetrated in the mixed micelles solution was 42,51% and flux value of 480,77 μg/cm2/hour. Based on these results, mixed micelles solution has better penetration than the non-mixed micelles solution and has the potential to be used as an anti-aging cosmetic product."