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"Diarrheal disease remains an important public health problem in developing countries (Black, 1993) and is enormously associated with one-fourth of all deaths in children less than 5 years in developing countries (Richards et. at, 1993). Despite a remarkable declining in mortality rate, the morbidity rate of acute diarrhea of under five children is still fairly high (Murray, 1992). Alarcon et. al. (1991) reported that each year, diarrheal disease causes approximately more than 1 billion episodes of illness. Therefore, the reported attack rates range from 1 to 12 episodes per child per year with a global average of 3 episodes per child (Richards et. al, 1993) and nearly 5 millions deaths worldwide in children less than 5 years (Shamir, 1998). In Indonesia, the incidence of diarrhea is accounted for up to 200-400 per 1000 population per year; 60-80% of them are under five, mostly infants (Lubis, 1992). Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute diarrheal disease in infants. It is the most commonly identified enter pathogens for infants who admitted to hospital in the USA and many other countries (Saavedra et. al., 1994) included Indonesia, (Soenarto, 1997). In USA accounts for up to 50% of the cases of children hospitalized with diarrhea and dehydration (Cohen, 1991) and is responsible for approximately 1 million cases of severe infantile diarrhea and up to 150 deaths annually (Guarino et.al.,1994). In Indonesia accounts for up to 16% of childhood diarrhea in urban area of North Jakarta and 19-40% of chldhood diarrhea age 0-36 months in Bandung, West Java (Yuwono, 1993). The incidence of diarrheal disease is higher and the severity of the illness is greater in infants than in older children and adults. Several major factors become predisposed to an increased frequency of diarrheal diseases in infants are increased fecal-oral contamination and infants have a relatively unchallenged immune system that has not previously been exposed to many pathogens and has not acquired protective antibodies. Immune system tolerance of life to some polysaccharide antigens in the first year may diminish the infant's ability to defend against intestinal infections (Cohen, 1991). Non-breastfed infants are at greater age of experiencing diarrhea than those who are partially breast-fed, however infants who are partially breast-fed are at greater risk than those who are exclusively breast-fed (Lubis, 1992). The global diarrheal disease control programs have concentrated almost exclusively on the prevention and treatment of dehydration by promoting appropriate fluid and electrolyte therapy, such as increased of oral rehydration solution-ORS (Alarcon, et. al, 1991). ORS has been considered by World Health Organization as the cornerstone of global efforts to reduce mortality from acute diarrhea (Richards et. al, 1993; Behrens, 1993). Until recently, however, more attention has been directed to the nutritional complications of diarrhea (Alarcon, et. al, 1991)."

"Demensia adalah keadaan di mana seseorang mengalami penurunan atau gangguan kognitif. Tujuan diadakannya penelitian ini adalah memperoleh prevalensi demensia serta menganalisis faktor risiko mana yang paling dominan terkait demensia pada lansia di Jakarta Barat pada tahun 2014. Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan kepada lansia (berusia ≤60 tahun) vegetarian dan non vegetarian pada vihara terpilih di Jakarta Barat. Penelitian dilakukan selama bulan April - Mei 2014. Jumlah responden yang diperoleh yaitu 130 orang. Demensia diukur dengan menggunakan Standardized Mini Mental Examination (SMMSE), di mana skor ≤24 dikatagorikan menjadi demensia. Prevalensi demensia pada lansia di Jakarta Barat pada tahun 2014 cukup besar, yaitu 42,3%. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara usia (p value = 0,02), pola diet vegetarian (p value = 0,001), asupan vitamin B2 (p value = 0,042), vitamin B6 (p value = 0,048), Vitamin B12 (p value = 0,032), dan riwayat penyakit jantung (p value = 0,008) dengan demensia pada lansia di Jakarta Barat tahun 2014. Pola diet vegetarian merupakan faktor protektif yang paling dominan terhadap demensia. Lansia dengan pola diet nonvegetarian memiliki risiko 4,5 kali terkena demensia dibandingkan dengan lansia yang menganut pola diet vegetarian setelah dikontrol dengan usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, asupan vitamin A, asupan vitamin B2, asupan vitamin B6, asupan asam folat, asupan vitamin B12, asupan seng, aktivitas fisik, riwayat penyakit stroke, dan riwayat penyakit jantung. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lanjutan dengan desain studi yang berbeda.

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Dementia is a condition which cognitive has decreased or a condition which someone had cognitive impairment. The objective of this research was to know prevalence of dementia and to find which of the risk factor is the dominant factor that is related to dementia in elderly at West Jakarta in 2014. The design of this study is cross sectional. The population of this study is elderly (≤60 year) which is vegetarian dan non vegetarian at four chosen temple which located in West Jakarta. This study was conducted in April - Mei 2014. Total respondent in this research was 130 respondent. Dementia was measured using Standardized Mini Mental Examination (SMMSE), which score ≤24 been categorized into dementia. Prevalence of dementia in Elderly in West Jakarta in 2014 is 42,3%.Statistical test showed that dementia has significantly associated with age ( p value = 0,02), vegetarian dietary pattern (p value = 0,001), vitamin B2 intake (p value = 0,042), vitamin B6 intake (p value = 0,048), Vitamin B12 intake (p value = 0,032), dan history of heart disease (p value = 0,008). Vegetarian dietary pattern was the most dominant protective factor that related with demensia. Elderly with nonvegetarian dietary pattern is 4,5 times at risk of dementia than elderly with vegetarian dietary pattern, after controlled with age, gender, level of education, vitamin A intake, vitamin B2 intake, vitamin B6 intake, folate intake, vitamin B12 intake, zinc intake, physical activity, stroke history, and heart disease history. Futher research should be done by using different study design."

"Tujuan : Mengetahui korelasi antara kadar vitamin E dengan jumlah limfosit CD4 penderita HIV/ AIDSTempat : Klinik Kelompok Studi Khusus AIDS Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia/ RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta.Metodologi : Penelitian potong lintang pada 52 penderita HIV/ AIDS , berusia 20-40 tahun. Data yang diambil meliputi data demografi, infeksi oportunistik, asupan energi asupan lemak dengan metode food recall 1x24 jam, asupan vitamin E dengan food frequency questionnaire (F Q) semikuantitatif, kadar vitamin E plasma dan hitung limfosit CD4. Analisis bivariat dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson.Hasil : Subyek terdiri dari 44 orang laki-laki dan 8 orang perempuan, median usia 26 tahun, 75% berpendidikan sedang, 63,5% berpenghasilan di bawah UMP, 59,6% tidak merokok, 80,77% golongan IDU, 82,7% AIDS, 80,8% dengan IO. Rerata IMT 19,53 kg/m2 dan 53,8% termasuk normal , rerata asupan energi 1574,1 ± 198,48 kkal, rerata asupan lemak 31,17 ± 7,26%, median asupan vitamin E 10,00 ± 1,82 mg/ hari, dan 84,6% memiliki asupan vitamin E kurang. Nilai median kadar vitamin E plasma 22,59 (11,08-70,24) µmol/L dan 90,4% subyek memiliki kadar vitamin E normal. Didapatkan korelasi positif bermakna antara asupan lemak dengan kadar vitamin E plasma(r=0.307, p-0.027*) dan antara asupan vitamin E dengan jumlah CD4 (r=0.363, p=0.008*). Tidak ada korelasi antara IMT dengan limfosit CD4 (r-0.210, p=0.135), asupan vitamin E dengan kadar vitamin E plasma (r-0.222, p=0.114), kadar vitamin E plasma dengan jumlah limfosit CD4(r= 0.028, p'.843).Kesimpulan : Tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar vitamin E plasma dengan jumlah CD4 penderita HIV/ AIDS.

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Objective : To investigate the correlation between plasma vitamin E concentration and the number of CD4 lymphocytes count in HIV/ AIDS patients

Method : This was a cross-sectional study involving 52 HIVIAIDS patients, aged 20-40 years in University of Indonesia AIDS Working Group (POKDIKSUS) Clinic at Dr Ciptomangunkusumo General Hospital Jakarta. Data were collected including demographic characteristic, energy and fat intake by the 24-hour dietary recall method, vitamin E intake using FFQ semi quantitative method, vitamin E plasma concentration and CD4 lymphocytes count. Statistical analysis was carried out using Pearson's correlation test to investigate the correlation between vitamin E plasma concentration and the number of CD4 lymphocytes count in HIVIAIDS patients.

Result : The subjects were comprised 44 men and 8 women with median of age 26 years. 75% of the subjects were in middle education level; 63.5% were earned under Jakarta's minimum wages; 59.6% were non-smoker; 80.77% were IDU; 82.7% were infected by AIDS; and 80.8% with opportunistic infection. The BMI mean was 19.53kg/m2 of which 518% were normal. The mean of daily energy intake was 1574.11 ± 198.48 kcal, the mean of fat intake was 31.17 ± 7.27%, the median of vitamin E intake 10.00 (7.67- 15.38) mgld and 84.6% had a low vitamin E intake. The median value of vitamin E plasma level was 22.59 (11.08-70.24) µmol/L and 90.4% of subjects had normal vitamin E plasma concentration. There was a significant correlation of fat intake with vitamin E plasma concentration (r=0.307, p=0.427*), also of vitamin E intake with CD4 lymphocytes count (r 0.363, p-0.008*). But, there was no correlation of BMI with CD4 lymphocytes count (r0.210, p=0.135), of vitamin E intake with vitamin E plasma concentration (r=0.222, p=0.114), also the concentration of vitamin E plasma with CD4 lymphocytes count (r= 0.028, p=0.843).

Conclusion: No correlation was found between plasma vitamin E concentration and CD4 lymphocytes count in HIV/ AIDS patients.."

"Latar Belakang: Indonesia mempunyai prevalensi malnutrisi yang tinggi pada usia lanjut, yang dipengaruhi oleh inadekuasi asupan nutrien. Inadekuasi asupan nutrien pada usia lanjut di Indonesia merupakan masalah dengan prevalensi tinggi, high impact, dan menimbulkan beban ekonomi yang tinggi. Produk susu merupakan nutrient dense food yang potensial untuk intervensi masalah inadekuasi asupan nutrien. Produk susu dapat ditoleransi oleh usia lanjut di Indonesia, namun belum diteliti apakah berhubungan dengan asupan nutrien pada populasi usia lanjut Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbedaan rerata asupan energi dan nutrien, serta mengetahui hubungan antara konsumsi produk susu dengan adekuasi asupan nutrien pada kelompok dairy user dibandingkan non dairy user pada usia lanjut di IndonesiaMetode: Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian Indonesian Study of Lactose Intolerance in Elderly Population. Desain penelitian potong lintang. Waktu penelitian bulan Januari-Juli 2021 menggunakan data pasien di Unit Rawat Jalan Geriatri Terpadu RSCM Jakarta dengan sampling konsekutif. kriteria inklusi adalah usia 60 tahun atau lebih dan tinggal di komunitas bersama keluarga. Kriteria eksklusi adalah gangguan fungsi kognitif berat, kondisi klinis yang mempengaruhi hasil uji intoleransi laktosa, serta menolak berpartisipasi dalam penelitian. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji t-test atau alternatifnya, chi-square atau alternatifnya, sesuai dengan jenis variabel yang diuji. Analisis multivariat untuk adjustment variabel perancu menggunakan regresi logistik.Hasil: Sebanyak 103 partisipan menjadi subjek penelitian ini. Terdapat perbedaan asupan protein (p=0.003), kalsium (p<0.001), vitamin D (p <0.001), vitamin B12 (p=0.002) pada kelompok dairy user dibandingkan non-dairy user. Tidak didapatkan kemaknaan statistik pada uji bivariat maupun multivariat yang menganalisis hubungan antara konsumsi produk susu dengan adekuasi asupan energi dan nutrien, namun didapatkan perbedaan proporsi inadekuasi asupan nutrien pada kedua kelompok.Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat beda rerata asupan energi, karbohidrat, dan lemak pada kedua kelompok. Terdapat perbedaan rerata asupan protein, kalsium, vitamin D, dan vitamin B12 pada kedua kelompok. Belum dapat dibuktikan hubungan antara konsumsi produk susu dengan adekuasi asupan nutrien pada populasi orang usia lanjut di Indonesia, namun didapatkan perbedaan proporsi inadekuasi asupan nutrien yang bermakna secara klinis pada kelompok dairy user dibandingkan non- dairy user.

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Background: Indonesia is a country with high prevalence of malnutrition, which is strongly caused by inadequacy of nutrients intakes. The problem of inadequate intakes of nutrients in Indonesia older adults is a problem with a high prevalence, high impacts, and high economic burden. Dairy products as nutrient dense foods are beneficial to improve inadequacy of nutrients intakes, and well tolerated by older adults in Indonesia. Yet, lack of data on association between dairy products consumption and nutrients intakes in this population.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the difference in the mean intakes of energy and nutrients, as well as to investigate association between dairy products consumption and adequacy of nutrients intakes in the dairy user group compared with non-dairy users in Indonesian elderly population.

Methods: A cross-sectional study, as a part of the Indonesian Study of Lactose Intolerance in Elderly Population was conducted in January-July 2021 using patients’ data at the Geriatric Outpatient Clinic, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta, with consecutive sampling. Inclusion criteria were older adults (60 years or older) and community-dwelling. Exclusion criteria were subjects with severe cognitive impairment, having clinical conditions that affected the results of the lactose intolerance test, and unwillingness to participate in the study. Bivariate analysis used t-test or chi square, in concordance with the variables. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to assess the association between milk consumption and adequacy of energy and nutrients intake, adjusted by confounding variables.

Results: A total of 103 participants enrolled as the subjects of this study. There were different mean intakes of protein (p=0.003), calcium (p<0.001), vitamin D (p<0.001), vitamin B12 (p=0.002) between dairy users and non-dairy users. There was no statistical significance in bivariate and multivariate analyses of association between dairy products consumption and adequate intake of energy and nutrients. Yet we found different proportions of nutrients inadequacies between dairy user (mild to moderate inadequacies) and non-dairy users (moderate to severe inadequacies).

Conclusion: We found pronounced different mean intakes of protein, calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 in dairy users compared with non-dairy users. Although association between consumption of dairy products and adequate intake of nutrients in Indonesian elderly population cannot be confirmed, yet we found clinically important difference proportions of nutrients inadequacies between dairy user and non-dairy users."