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"This paper aims to explain and analyze the formulation of Indonesia's foreign policy in China's unilateral claim to the North Natuna Sea area. This claim is based on China's argument that this area is a traditional Chinese fishing area. This paper uses a qualitative method of analysis with analysis data collection techniques. References. The results obtained are that the formulation of Indonesia's foreign policy model on China's claims in the North Natuna Sea area uses a diplomatic approach. This is relevant to Indonesia's character as a middle power country. Middle power democracy has always been a catalyst, facilitator and manager in resolvingregional or international conflicts. This condition is also in theory consistent with the foreign policy model designed by John Lovell, namely using the accommodation method. Furthermore, this condition is also consistent with the character of foreign policy in Mandala theory called Asana."

"Semakin meluasnya diskursus middle powers yang dipromosikan oleh sejumlah negara dunia mendorong munculnya berbagai literatur untuk membahas dan memberikan konseptualisasi akademis bagi posisi tersebut. Middle powers dianggap sebagai kelompok negara yang memiliki kekuatan dan pengaruh tertentu pada tingkat global sehingga membedakannya dari negara-negara lain di bawah great powers pada umumnya. Meskipun mengalami peningkatan fokus literatur dan klaim langsung oleh negara-negara, sayangnya, diskusi tentang middle powers dalam ilmu hubungan internasional sering terhambat oleh kurangnya kejelasan tentang apa arti sebenarnya dari istilah middle power. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengklarifikasi dan menelaah konsep middle powers secara komprehensif. Dengan menggunakan metode kronologi, kajian literatur ini menunjukkan perkembangan literatur middle powers dalam tiga periode: (1) sebelum Perang Dingin, (2) masa Perang Dingin (1947-1991), dan (3) pasca Perang Dingin (1992-2020). Pemetaan literatur secara kronologis dimaksudkan agar tinjauan ini mampu menarik menelusuri perkembangan konsep middle powers dari kajian-kajian terdahulu hingga terkini. Dengan begitu, tulisan ini tidak hanya memberikan pemahaman middle powers dalam suatu konteks saja, melainkan dapat menyediakan identifikasi berbagai pola dan kecenderungan yang terbentuk sesuai pergeseran dinamika politik internasional dari masa ke masa. Pada akhirnya, kajian literatur ini berpendapat bahwa perkembangan konsep middle powers didasari oleh ambisi negara-negara untuk mengejar status yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan sekadar negara lain di luar great powers. Hal ini dilakukan dalam rangka mengamankan kepentingan nasional dan meningkatkan pengaruh mereka dalam sistem internasional.

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The increasingly widespread discourse of middle powers promoted by a number of countries has led to the emergence of literatures which discuss and provide academic conceptualizations for the position. Middle powers are considered as a group of countries that have certain powers and influences at the global level, thus distinguishing them from other countries under the great powers in general. Despite increasing focus on literature and direct claims by countries, unfortunately, discussions about middle powers in international relations studies are often hampered by a lack of clarity about what the term really means. The main objective of this research is to clarify and examine the concept of middle powers comprehensively. Using chronological method, this literature review shows the development of middle powers literature in three periods: (1) before the Cold War, (2) during the Cold War (1947-1991), and (3) post-Cold War (1992-2020). Chronological mapping of the literatures is intended so that this review is able to explore the development of middle power conception from previous studies to the latest ones. That way, this paper not only provides an understanding of middle powers in a specified context, but is able to provide identification of various patterns and trends that are formed in accordance with the shifting dynamics of international politics from time to time. In the end, this literature review argues that the development of middle power concept is driven by the ambitions of countries to pursue higher status than the generalization of other countries outside the great powers. This is done in order to secure each country`s national interests and increase their influence in the international system."

"Kebijakan luar negeri Malaysia (KLN Malaysia) merupakan fenomena hubungan internasional yang menarik untuk ditelusuri. Malaysia merdeka pada tahun 1957 setelah sebelumnya berada di bawah kekuasaan Inggris. Malaysia, didukung dengan posisi geografis yang strategis, berhasil menjadi salah satu negara dengan ekonomi paling terbuka di dunia. Malaysia pada gilirannya turut berhasil membentuk posisi yang diperhitungkan, baik dalam tingkat regional ataupaun global. Dalam tulisan ini, penulis membahas KLN Malaysia dengan meninjau 100 literatur akademis terkait yang terbit sejak tahun 1963 hingga 2023. Literatur-literatur tersebut dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga tema besar. Pertama, dasar-dasar dalam KLN Malaysia, mencakup ide-ide dalam KLN Malaysia, sikap Malaysia dalam politik internasional, aktor utama dalam KLN Malaysia, dan faktor domestik dalam KLN Malaysia. Kedua, isu-isu dalam KLN Malaysia, yaitu militer dan strategis, ekonomi politik internasional, Malaysia dengan organisasi internasional, Malaysia dengan Persemakmuran, dan Malaysia dengan major powers. Terakhir, dimensi kawasan dalam KLN Malaysia yang mencakup empat kawasan, yakni Asia Tenggara, Asia Timur, Timur Tengah, dan Antartika. Tinjauan pustaka ini turut menyertakan konsensus, perdebatan, dan celah keilmuan mengenai topik ini. Tulisan ini menunjukkan Malaysia, yang pada awalnya merupakan small state, berhasil mengaktualisasikan sumber daya sehingga saat ini menjadi bagian dari kelompok negara middle power. Terlepas dari banyaknya literatur yang ada, topik KLN Malaysia membutuhkan penelitian lanjutan untuk melengkapi kerumpangan akibat sedikitnya pembahasan pada beberapa era kepemimpinan perdana menteri tertentu.

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Malaysia's foreign policy (Malaysia's FP) is an interesting international relations phenomenon to be explored. Malaysia became independent in 1957 after previously being under British rule. Malaysia, supported by its strategic geographical position, has succeeded in becoming one of the countries with the most open economies in the world. Malaysia, in turn, has succeeded in establishing a position to be reckoned with, both at the regional and global levels. In this paper, the author discusses KLN Malaysia by reviewing 100 related academic literature published from 1963 to 2023. These literatures are grouped into three major themes. First, Malaysia's FP fundamentals contain ideas in Malaysia's FP, Malaysia's outlook on international politics, Malaysia's FP leading actor, and domestic factors in Malaysia's FP. Second, issues in Malaysia's FP include military and strategic, international political economy, Malaysia with international organizations, Malaysia with the Commonwealth, and Malaysia with major powers. Finally, the regional dimension in Malaysia's FP includes four regions; Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East and Antarctica. This literature review includes consensus, debate, and literature gaps. This paper shows that Malaysia, which was initially a small state, has succeeded in actualizing its resources, so it is now part of the middle power group. Despite a large amount of existing literature, the topic of KLN Malaysia requires further research to complete the gaps due to the need for more discussion on specific eras of prime ministerial leadership"