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"Derajat kesehatan adalah tingkat kesehatan perseorangan atau kelompok masyarakat yang diukur dengan indikator angka kematian, umur harapan hidup, status gizi, dan angka kesakitan (Depkes RI, 1989). Angka kematian bayi (AKB), angka kematian di bawah umur satu tahun, lebih sering dipakai sebagai indikator jika dibandingkan dengan indikator kematian yang lainnya. Angka di atas menunjukkan tingkat permasalahan yang langsung berhubungan dengan kematian bayi, tingkat kesehatan ibu dan anak, tingkat upaya kesehatan ibu dan anak, upaya keluarga berencana, kondisi kesehatan lingkungan, dan tingkat perkembangan sosial ekonomi keluarga (Depkes RI, 1989). Angka kematian bayi di Indonesia pada kurun waktu tahun delapan puluhan turun dengan cepat (Depkes RI, 1980c; Budiarso, 1987; Biro Pusat Statistik, 1985; Dirjen Binkesmas, Depkes RI, 1990; Sumantri, 1995). Angka kematian neonatal (angka kematian bayi berumur di bawah 28 hari) merupakan kira-kira 40% dari angka kematian bayi; sedangkan kira-kira 28% dari kematian neonatal itu terjadi pada masa neonatal dini (di bawah umur 8 hari) yang merupakan sebagian dari kematian perinatal (kematian janin umur 28 minggu sampai dengan bayi berumur kurang dari 8 hari) (Budiarso, 1987). Kematian neonatal kebanyakan terjadi karena tetanus neonatorum, sebab-sebab perinatal, diare, dan infeksi saluran napas. Frekuensi yang tertinggi diakibatkan oleh tetanus neonatorum dan problem perinatal. Kematian neonatal dan keadaan bayi berat lahir rendah sangat berkaitan. Cukup tinggi kematian neonatal dapat disebabkan oleh bayi berat lahir rendah (GOI-UNICEF 1988). Kematian neonatal diduga berkaitan dengan keadaan ibu sebelum hamil, keadaan ibu pada saat kehamilan, serta perilaku dan lingkungan sosial ibu hamil. Faktor biologis berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan ibu hamil dan pemanfaatan layanan antenatal yang pada gilirannya akan berpengaruh terhadap hasil akhir (outcome) suatu kehamilan. Keadaan bayi yang dilahirkan dan pemanfaatan layanan pertolongan persalinan juga mempunyai akibat terhadap kejadian kematian neonatal. Baik di negara maju maupun negara berkembang banyak upaya telah dilakukan untuk menurunkan angka kematian neonatal melalui Program Kesejahteraan Ibu dan Anak (Oakly, 1982; Lesser, 1985). Pemeriksaan antenatal merupakan upaya penting untuk menjaga kesehatan ibu pada masa kehamilan dan merupakan tempat melakukan penyuluhan gizi serta pemantauan terhadap kenaikan berat badan ibu hamil. Kesehatan ibu hamil penting untuk keselamatan janin yang dikandungnya. Berdasarkan Progam Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak yang berlaku di Indonesia, ibu hamil mendapat pemeriksaan berupa pemeriksaan tekanan darah, pemeriksaan tinggi fundus uteri, pemeriksaan timbang berat badan, pemberian tablet besi, dan pemberian suntikan tetanus toksoid. Pemberian paket pil besi bertujuan menurunkan angka kejadian anemia ibu hamil di Indonesia, sedangkan pemberian vaksinasi toksoid tetanus bertujuan mencegah kematian bayi karena serangan penyakit tetanus neonatorum yang menduduki peringkat pertama sebagai penyebab kematian neonatal di Indonesia. (Direktur Jenderal Pembinaan Kesehatan Masyarakat Depkes RI, 1990)"

"This study investigates the relationship between the level of socio-economic development and infant and child mortality in India. The perspective of this study is based on the "Theory of Demographic Transition" which states that improved public health programs and technological and medical advances bring down the level of mortality. The study tests the following major hypothesis: the higher level the level of socio-economic development, the lower the infant and child mortality rates among the states in India. The study applies correlation and multiple regression analysis to data collected by the National Family Health Survey 1992-1993, one of the most comprehensive surveys of its kind ever conducted in India by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. The finding support the theory of demographic transition in large measure revealing that the overall socio-economic development is inversely related to infant and child mortality rates among the states of India."

"Background: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the elderly is still a major problem due to its high morbidity and mortality. There is considerable variability in ?the result of various studies on prognostic factors. The prognostic factors in Indonesia have not been identified.Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study on 147 elderly patients hospitalized with CAP in the internal medicine ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta from September 2002 to March 2003. We calculated the survival rate during hospitalize-tion. We used Cox proportional-hazard regression analysis to examine factors associated with mortality in the first 48 hours of hospitalization. .Results: There were 34 deaths (23.1) associated with CAP in 1471 person-days. The survival rate at day 5, 10 and 15 were 88.9%, 77.2 and 67.2% respectively. Severe. pneumonia, an serum albumin of d"3.5 g/dL, reducedconsciousness, temperature > 37.0"C, and a hemoglobin level of d" 9.0 g/dL demonstrated a tendency towards increased mortality rate. Other factors such as age, sex, immobilization, swollen disorders, co-morbidities, leukocyte count, and serum creatinine level demonstrated no significant relationship with mortality.Conclusion: Severe pneumonia, low serum albumin, decreased consciousness, high temperature and low hemoglobin level in the first 48 hours hospitalization were found to be worse prognostic factors. Early identification and modification of these factors are recommended."

"ABSTRACTThe government's efforts to reduce the maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Indonesiahave not shown significant results. Based on the 2012Indonesian Demographic andHealth Survey (IDHS), the MMR has significantly increased from 228 in2007 to 359in 2012; far beyond the MDG's target. The Ministry of Health found that there arethree main medical factors for maternal mortality: hemorrhage, eclampsia, andinfection. However, poverty and vulnerability of women in the society due to genderinequality, the lack of public awareness on the maternal health, the lack of healthfacilities utilization, and the distance between health facilities and the pregnantwomen's residence are some examples of factors that also contribute to the highMMR in Indonesia. This study aims to find a comprehensive model to reduce MMRin lndonesia by conducting a participatory action research. Specifically, the studywill: (1) find a comprehensive intervention model, and (2) provide comprehensiveand multilevel policy recommendations to policymakers and local government toreduce the MMR, Methodologically, this study not only uses mixed methods bycombining qualitative and quantitative approaches, but also integrates a participatoryaction research approach with the strategy of planned change as a social interventionstrategy. The data analysis is conducted with the spatial analysis approach, usinggeographical information system technique."