Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"ABSTRAKTanzania has enjoyed rather peaceful political transitions both the post-colonial regime and to multiparty democracy whereas in many other African states, recurring violent civil wars and ethnic conflicts have led to tremendous human suffering. This research examines how Tanzania achieved succesful national-identity-building and national integration that brought about stability in the society and how the nationalist policies have influenced democratic development in the multiparty regime. Tanzania in the aftermath of colonization chose to follow the path to unity and equality, while it suppressed cultural diversity and individual liberty. Yet, the changes in the recent elections give hope for further democratic development in Tanzania. The nationalism trajectories shape its democratization process to be slow but peaceful. "

"Penelitian ini membahas upaya Presiden Joko Widodo memperkuat posisi eksekutif dengan menggalang dukungan partai di luar koalisi pemerintah pasca pemilihan umum untuk menghindari potensi kebuntuan antara eksekutif dan legislatif. Fokus studi kasus yang diangkat adalah upaya yang dilakukan Presiden Joko Widodo menarik Partai Golkar ke dalam koalisi pemerintahan. Asumsi penelitian ini adalah Presiden Joko Widodo menggunakan ldquo;kotak alat eksekutif rdquo; yaitu seperangkat kewenangan yang dimiliki eksekutif untuk menarik Partai Golkar bergabung ke dalam koalisi pemerintah tahun 2016 untuk menjadikan koalisi pemerintah mayoritas di legislatif dan mencegah terjadinya kebuntuan antara eksekutif dan legislatif. Dengan menggunakan teori presidensialisme multipartai dan konsep presiden koalisional, penelitian ini membuktikan Presiden Joko Widodo menggunakan ldquo;kotak alat eksekutif rdquo; dalam menarik partai Golkar begabung ke dalam koalisi pemerintah, alasannya karena dengan jumlah kursi Partai Golkar di legislatif yang berjumlah 91 kursi berhasil mengubah posisi koalisi pemerintah yang awalnya 37.1 menjadi mayoritas yakni 68.9 . Kotak alat eksekutif yang digunakan berupa coalition goods yakni pembagian kursi menteri, serta porks yakni kebijakan-kebijakan seperti dana talangan Lapindo, SK Menkumham terkait pengesahan kubu Agung Laksono, dukungan terhadap calon ketua partai di dalam Musyawarah Luar Biasa Partai Golkar, serta dukungaan pengembalian kursi Ketua DPR untuk Setya Novanto.

---

This study discusses the efforts of President Joko Widodo to strengthen the executive position by raising party support beyond the post election government coalition to avoid potential deadlock between the executive and legislative. The focus of the case study is the efforts by President Joko Widodo to draw the Golkar Party into the government coalition. The assumption of this research is that President Joko Widodo use the executive toolbox , a set of executive owned powers, to draw the Golkar Party into the 2016 government coalition to make the government 39 s coalition majority in the legislative and prevent deadlocks between the executive and the legislative. Using the theory of multiparty presidentialism and the concept of coalitional president, this study proves that President Joko Widodo use an executive tool box to draw Golkar parties into the coalition of government, the reason is that the number of seats in Golkar Party in legislative is 91 seat managed to change the position of the government coalition which originally 37.1 to the majority of which is 68.9 . The executive tool box used in the form of coalition goods is the act of giving ministerial seats, as well as porks such policies such as Lapindo bailout, SK Menkumham related to endorse Agung Laksono administrator, support for candidate party chairman in Musyawarah Luar Biasa Golkar Party, as well as support for Setya Novanto as the chairman of Indonesian legislative body."

"ABSTRAKOne of the agendas and results of the I until IV Amendment to the 1945 Constitution is to strengthen the Presidential system. Strengthening the presidential system synergized with reforming the party and election system must be carried out in order to achieve the objectives of governance and institutions in the framework of Indonesia 2045. The 2019 elections are simultaneously legislative and presidential elections as stipulated in Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections. The purpose of this article, the first simultaneous election should be legislative, presidential and regional head elections simultaneously. Secondly, there are 4 objectives 1. Effectiveness and efficiency, 2. Righteous democracy, 3. creating a solid and effective government, 4. period that is more organized. Using the optics of constitutional law studies, and socio legal, strengthened and enriched historical studies of presidential, party and election systems in Indonesia and comparisons with the United States, Brazil, Argentina. There are seven recommended strategies offered in the article 1. Synergizing the Presidential Election, Legislative Elections and Regional Head Elections simultaneously in 2029, 2. Preparing the Draft Law for Regional Head Election Courts, 3. Making a blueprint of the Presidential Institution Bill, 4. Simplify party systems with an electoral threshold, 5. Simplify the number of parties in parliament with parliamentary threshold, 6. Implement a threshold presidential order to create balance in a multi party presidential system, 7. Make changes to the Election Law and Evaluate the Proposal Election system with the Sainte Lague calculation method."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang menyebabkan keberhasilan penetapan kebijakan pemindahan ibu kota Undang-undang No.3 Tahun 2022 di era pemerintahan Joko Widodo. Selain itu, itu mengetahui mengapa proses legislasi di DPR bisa berlangsung dalam waktu yang relatif singkat yakni 43 hari sejak pembentukan pansus RUU IKN hingga pengesahan RUU IKN dalam rapat paripurna DPR pada 18 Januari 2022. Teori yang digunakan adalah institusionalisme dengan menambahkan analisis aspek personal presiden yang memanfaatkan sumber daya politiknya (presidential toolbox) untuk meloloskan kebijakan IKN. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan bersumber pada data utama yang diperoleh dari wawancara dengan para elite politik, baik yang terlibat dalam proses pembuata kajian IKN, perumusan di Pansus RUU IKN, maupun dari para pengamat. Hasil penelitian menyebutkan peran personal Jokowi menjadi kunci suksesnya kebijakan IKN diwujudkan. Selain membangun relasi yang baik antara eksekutif dan legislatif, Jokowi juga memanfaatkan sumber daya politiknya mulai dari strategi dalam memilih tokoh tertentu untuk menjabat sebagai Menteri PPN/ Kepala Bappenas, memberikan kursi di kabinet dan lembaga pemerintahan untuk ketua umum partai politik, termasuk mengalokasikan dana APBN untuk pembangunan IKN meskipun dalam kondisi pemerintah tengah fokus dalam penanganan pandemi.

---

This study aims to determine the factors that led to the success of establishing the policy of moving the capital city of Law No. 3 of 2022 in the era of President Joko Widodo. Including to answer the question of why the legislative process in the DPR can take place in a relatively short time, only 43 days from the formation of the tim Pansus on the IKN Bill to the ratification of the IKN Bill at the DPR plenary meeting on January 18^th 2022. The theory used is institutionalism by adding an analysis of the personal aspects of the president who utilizing its political resources (presidential toolbox) to pass the IKN policy. This study used a qualitative method based on main data obtained from interviews with political elites, both those involved in the process of making the IKN study, the formulation of the IKN Draft Draft Special Committee, and observers. The results of the study stated that Jokowi's personal role was the key to the success of the IKN policy being implemented. In addition to building good relations between the executive and legislature, Jokowi also utilizes his political resources, starting from a strategy in selecting certain figures to serve as Minister of National Development Planning/Head of Bappenas, providing seats in the cabinet and government institutions for chairpersons of political parties, including allocating state budget funds for the development of IKN even though the government is currently focused on handling the pandemic."

"In this introductory textbook the author explains the key topics in cryptography. He takes a modern approach, where defining what is meant by secure is as important as creating something that achieves that goal, and security definitions are central to the discussion throughout.The chapters in Part 1 offer a brief introduction to the mathematical foundations: modular arithmetic, groups, finite fields, and probability; primality testing and factoring; discrete logarithms; elliptic curves; and lattices. Part 2 of the book shows how historical ciphers were broken, thus motivating the design of modern cryptosystems since the 1960s; this part also includes a chapter on information-theoretic security. Part 3 covers the core aspects of modern cryptography: the definition of security; modern stream ciphers; block ciphers and modes of operation; hash functions, message authentication codes, and key derivation functions; the naive RSA algorithm; public key encryption and signature algorithms; cryptography based on computational complexity; and certificates, key transport and key agreement. Finally, Part 4 addresses advanced protocols, where the parties may have different or even conflicting security goals: secret sharing schemes; commitments and oblivious transfer; zero-knowledge proofs; and secure multi-party computation.The author balances a largely non-rigorous style--many proofs are sketched only--with appropriate formality and depth. For example, he uses the terminology of groups and finite fields so that the reader can understand both the latest academic research and real-world documents such as application programming interface descriptions and cryptographic standards. The text employs colour to distinguish between public and private information, and all chapters include summaries and suggestions for further reading."