Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"One of the fulcrums of change in political Islam is the relationship between traditional patterns of Islamic politics, which focus upon the pursuit and wielding of formal power, particularly with the aim of enacting of shari’a law, and the more recent emergence of dynamic social spheres of Islamic activism, which emphasise values and moral order and operate with considerable autonomy from Islamic parties. This article explores the nature of the interactions between political and social activism and identifies the ways in which more established form of political Islam are changing as a result of pressure from the social realm. It compares case studies from the Middle East and Southeast Asia, paying particular attention to Muslim Brotherhood and Salafist expressions of social and political activism in both regions. It argues that burgeoning pietistic social activism presents both challenges and opportunities to Islamic political actors, and that failure to engage with these new forces will lead to further marginalisation and the risk of declining relevance."

"The Muslim Brotherhood plays a prominent role in the politics of many Muslim countries as one of the largest Islamist groups. As a politico-social movement, the Muslim Brotherhood has gone through many tactical and ideological shifts over the past 90 years since its founding in 1928. Studying these shifts and the reasoning behind them can help us to understand the behaviour of certain groups. This paper studies one of the major shifts in the discourse of the movement, from the advocacy for restoring the Caliphate to the call for a modern civic state, despite the idea of the Caliphate having been one of the core motives behind the founding of the Brotherhood. This paper traces the change in Muslim Brotherhood discourse of the Caliphate through a thick analysis of the writings and statements of the prominent leaders of the group, starting with Brotherhood’s founder, al-Banna, and progressing to the leaders of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. This paper examines this shift’s degree of significance and its underlying rationale. Instead of addressing changes collectively, each change is considered individually to gain further insight into the incentives driving the major shift under study, namely the overhaul of the political discourse of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in so far as shifting from adopting the caliphate to the modern civic state. This shift in the Caliphate discourse is approached singularly, opening room for exclusive explanations that are unique to the altered concept. While a wholesale approach that treats changes as a collective succeeds in explaining the changes within some social and political movements, it ignores substantial factors and elements that are advantageous for profound understanding of the case in question. The shift in the Caliphate discourse, though it was not significant in practice, is useful in suggesting an alternative method for the justification of tactical and ideological shifts of the Muslim Brotherhood."

"Revolusi yang terjadi di Mesir tahun 2011 membawa gelombang demokratisasi di Mesir. Hal ini juga memberikan kesempatan bagi kelompok Ikhwanul Muslimin yang selama ini direpresi oleh pemerintah untuk tampil dalam politik melalui partainya Freedom and Justice Party (FJP). Melalui pemilu 2012, FJP mampu memperoleh suara hingga 45 persen dan kandidat presidennya Muhammad Mursi terpilih menjadi presiden dengan perolehan suara sebesar 51,7 persen. Namun sayangnya demokratisasi yang terjadi di Mesir hanya berlangsung sesaat. Pada tanggal 3 Juli 2013 militer melakukan kudeta terhadap Mursi. Kudeta yang terjadi di Mesir merupakan bentuk dari lemahnya kontrol sipil terhadap militer. Mursi gagal melakukan kontrol terhadap militer sehingga ia tidak bisa mencegah tindakan militer yang menurunkannya secara paksa melalui jalan kudeta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa yang mempengaruhi hubungan sipil militer di masa kepemimpinan Mursi dan bagaimana faktor-faktor tersebut menyebabkan lemahnya kontrol sipil terhadap militer sehingga menyebabkan terjadi kudeta militer. Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa teori, diantaranya adalah teori hubungan sipil militer, teori tentara pretorian, teori kudeta dan teori kepentingan internasional. Dalam tesis ini penulis menguraikan mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kegagalan kontrol sipil terhadap militer sehingga menimbulkan kudeta. Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah; 1) Tipikal militer Mesir yang merupakan tentara pretorian dan doktrin yang dianut militer. 2) Kepentingan dan intervensi negara-negara asing terhadap Mesir. 3) Fragmentasi kelompok sipil di Mesir yang bersifat fratricidal (saling menjatuhkan).

---

The revolution that occurred in Egypt in 2011 brought a wave of democratization in Egypt. It also provided an opportunity for the Muslim Brotherhood, which had been repressed by the government, to perform in politics through its political wing, the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP). Through the 2012 elections, the FJP was able to acquire up to 45 percent voice and its presidential candidate, Mohammed Mursi was elected president by a vote of 51.7 percent.

But unfortunately democratization in Egypt only lasted a moment. On July 3, 2013 the military staged a coup against Mursi. The coup happened in Egypt was a form of weak civilian control over the military. Mursi failed to exercise control over the military so a military coup was inevitable, forcing him into detention.

This study aims to determine the factors that affect civil-military relations during Mursi‟s administration and how these factors lead to lack of civilian control over the military that led to a military coup. This study uses several theories, including the theory of civil-military relations, theory of praetorian army, coup theory and theory of international interest.

In this thesis, the author outlines the factors affecting the failure of civilian control over the military, giving rise to a coup. These factors are; 1) Egypt praetorian military and the doctrine it adopted. 2) The interest and intervention of foreign countries on Egypt. 3) Fragmentation of civil groups in Egypt who are fratricidal, each against other."

"Fridays of Rage reveals for the first time Al Jazeeras surprising rise to that most respected of all Western media positions: the watchdog of democracy. Al Jazeera served as the nursery for the Arab worlds democratic revolutions, promoting Friday as a day of rage and popular protest. This book gives readers a glimpse of how Al Jazeera has strategically cast its journalists as martyrs in the struggle for Arab freedom while promoting itself as the mouthpiece and advocate of the Arab public. In addition to heralding a new era of Arab democracy, Al Jazeera has come to have a major influence on Arab perceptions of US involvement in the Arab world, the Arab-Israeli conflict, the rise of global Islamic fundamentalism, and the expansion of the political Far Right. Al Jazeeras blueprint for Muslim democracy was part of a vision announced by the network during its earliest broadcasts. Al Jazeera presented a mirror to an Arab world afraid to examine itself and its democratic deficiencies. But rather than assuming that Al Jazeera is a monolithic force for positive transformation in Arab society, Fridays of Rage examines the potentially dark implications of Al Jazeeras radical reconceptualization of media as a strategic tool or weapon. As a powerful and rapidly evolving source of global influence, Al Jazeera embodies many paradoxes-the manifestations and effects of which are only now becoming apparent. Fridays of Rage guides readers through this murky territory, where journalists are martyrs, words are weapons, and facts are bullets."