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"Research to nanofluida have a lot of conducted to indicate that nanofluida has a great potency forbetter heat transfer. Nanofluida is mixture between solid particle of nanosize with the based-fluid.Nano particle suspended in based-fluid permanently which is because of eristence of Brownian eject.Before nanofluida can be applied in commercial purpose, the furthermore experiment is needed. In thisresearch conducted the measurement of heat transfer coefficient jilm condensation which used verticalcondenser and nanofluids Al2O3-water as cooling fluids With variation of flow rote of cooling fluid andvolume concentration of nanofluid as well, the experimental result shows the enhancement ofcondensation heat transfer coefficient with nanofluid compared to base fluids : 12- 19% for 1% particlesconcentration and 23-33 % for 4% particles concentration."

"Covering all aspects of transport phenomena on the nano- and micro-scale, Springer’s Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics includes over 750 entries in three alphabetically-arranged volumes including the most up-to-date research, insights, and applied techniques across all areas. Specifically, subjects covered in this comprehensive Springer Reference include electrical double-layers, optofluidics, DNC lab-on-a-chip, nanosensors, and more.Please note that this publication is available as print only OR online only OR print + online set. Save 75% of the online list price when purchasing the bundle."

"Baja S45C termasuk baja karbon sedang dengan persentase karbon 0,3% - 0,45%. Pada proses perlakuan panas, terdapat proses quenching dimana baja dicelupkan ke dalam suatu media quench secara cepat untuk menghasilkan sifat mekanis yang diinginkan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan micro thermal fluids sebagai media quench dimana micro thermal fluids adalah campuran antara nanopartikel yang terlarut dalam suatu fluida dimana nanopartikel tersebut berukuran dari 1-100 nm. Nanopartikel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berbasis dari Printed circuit Board (PCB) dengan menggunakan fluida dasar air dan ditambahkan dengan surfaktan Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate (SDBS). Proses crushing, leaching, pirolisis, dan milling dalam upaya mengolah PCB menjadi nanopartikel. Setelah dilakukan PSA partikel yang melalui proses milling selama 20 jam sehingga 572.6 d.nm sehingga partikel tidak mencapai ukuran nano dan media pendinginnya disebut micro thermal fluid. Nilai kekerasan menunjukkan tren meningkat seiring dengan penambahan partikel, namun cenderung menurun saat dilakukan penambahan surfaktan. Nilai kekerasan tertinggi yang didapat pada sampel yaitu 55 HRC yang merupakan hasil quench dengan variabel 0,3% partikel 0% SDBS pada media pendingin. Kekerasan terendah yang dihasilkan adalah 44 HRC dengan variabel 0,5% partikel 7% SDBS. Mikrostruktur yang dihasilkan dari setiap penambahan partikel dan surfaktan adalah martensite,bainite, & pearlite.

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S45C steel is classified as a medium carbon steel with a carbon percentage ranging from 0.3% to 0.45%.. Quenching is step where the steel is rapidly immersed in a quenching media to achieve desired mechanical properties. Nanofluids were used as quench media where nanofluids are a mixture of nanoparticles dissolved in a fluid where the nanoparticles are sized from 1-100 nm. The nanoparticles used in this study were based on a printed circuit board (PCB) using a water-based fluid and added with surfactant Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate (SDBS. After 20 hours of milling, the particle size was measured using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and found to be 572.6 d.nm, indicating that the particles didn’t reach the nano size range. Therefore, the cooling media was referred to as micro thermal fluid. The hardness value showed an increasing trend with the addition of nanoparticles, but tended to decrease with the addition of surfactant. The highest hardness value obtained was 55 HRC with the variable of 0.3% particles and 0% SDBS in the cooling media. The lowest hardness achieved was 44 HRC with the variable of 0.5% nanoparticles and 7% SDBS. The microstructure resulting from each nanoparticle and surfactant addition was martensite,bainite, & pearlite."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran konduktivitas termal nanofluida alumina dengan variasi konsentrasi nanofluida dan variasi waktu vibrasi ultrasonik. Sintesis nanofluida dilakukan dengan mendispersikan nanopartikel Al2O3 dengan ukuran 13 nm kedalam fluida dasar air. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh nanofluida yang optimum adalah nanofluida dengan waktu vibrasi ultrasonik 10 menit pada konsentrasi nanofluida alumina 4% volume yang menghasilkan nilai konduktivitas termal nanofluida sebesar 1,395 W/moC atau sekitar 2 kali konduktivitas termal fluida dasarnya.

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This study measured the thermal conductivity of nanofluids based alumina with various nanofluids concentration and time variations of ultrasonic vibrations. Nanofluids synthesis performed with Al2O3 nanoparticles with 13 nm size was dispersed into the water-based fluid.

The result showed that the optimum ultrasonic vibration time is 10 minutes in 4% volume concentration of alumina nanofluids which result in 1.395 W/moC of nanofluids thermal conductivity approximately twice amount of the base fluid thermal conductivity."

"Nanofluida telah dikembangkan menjadi alternatif media quench dalam industri perlakuan panas dengan kinerja pendinginan yang lebih baik. Nanofluida memiliki konduktivitas termal lebih tinggi daripada media quench konvensional seperti larutan polimer, air, dan oli. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mempelajari kondisi operasi optimum pada quenching baja S45C dengan cara melihat pengaruh media quench nanofluida dengan sumber karbon yang berbeda serta konsentrasi yang juga berbeda. Sumber karbon yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah serbuk karbon murni dan karbon aktif dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,1, 0,3, 0,5 w/v untuk masing-masing nanofluida karbon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dengan menggunakan High Energy Planetary Mill selama 15 jam, ukuran partikel karbon murni tereduksi menjadi 7885,3 nm dan karbon aktif menjadi 339,3 nm. Hasil peningkatan konduktivitas termal fluida dasar menggunakan nanopartikel karbon murni optimum pada konsentrasi 0,3 w/v dengan nilai konduktivitas 0,47 W/moC dan rasio konduktivitas adalah 2,94, serta untuk nanofluida karbon aktif dihasilkan rasio konduktivitas termal optimum sebesar 3,06 pada konsentrasi 0,1 w/v dengan nilai konduktivitas nanofluida 0,49 W/moC. Nilai kekerasan sampel baja hasil quenching paling tinggi dihasilkan dari nanofluida karbon aktif pada konsentrasi 0,1 w/v dengan nilai 728,89 HV.

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Nanofluids have been developed as an alternative quench medium in heat treatment industry as a quenching medium with better cooling performance. Nanofluids have higher thermal conductivity than conventional quench medium such as polymer, water, and oil. This study is held to observe the optimum operating conditions of quench medium for quenching S45C steel with different carbon sources and different concentrations.

The carbon source used in this study were laboratory grade carbon powder and activated carbon powder with concentration variations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 w v for each carbon nanofluid. The results showed by using High Energy Planetary Mill for 15 hours, the size of laboratory grade carbon and activated carbon particles reduced to 7885.3 nm and 339.3 nm respectively.

The enhancement of thermal conductivity of pure carbon nanofluid was optimum at 0.3 w v with thermal conductivity of 0.47 W moC and conductivity ratio of 2.94, and for activated carbon nanofluid produced an optimum thermal conductivity ratio of 3,06 at a concentration of 0.1 w v with a thermal conductivity of 0.49 W moC. The highest hardness of the quenching steel samples was obtained from activated carbon nanofluids at concentrations of 0.1 w v with hardness value of 728.89 HV."

"ABSTRAKThe main purpose of the current study is to represent numerical simulations for magneto-nanofluid slip flow and heat transfer over a permeable rotating disk in the presence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. to carry out the experiment, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using similarity analysis and the solutions are computed through the algebra software MATLAB. The obtained results are consistent with previously available studies to a particular extent. The natures of the involved interesting parameters on the temperature and concentration are drawn graphically. The present study further computes and examines the local Nusselt Number. the emerged results may be useful for environmental, industrial and engineering phenomena."

"ABSTRAKHeat transfer enhancement in a two-dimensional inclined lid-driven triangular enclosure utilizing cu-water nanofluids is investigated for various relevant parameters. A model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nanofluids inside an enclosure taking into account the force convection parameter, namely Reynolds number, Re. The transport equations are solved numerically using the Galerkin finite element method. Comparisons with previously published work on the basis of special cases are performed and found to be in excellent agreement. Results are obtained for a wide range of parameters such as the Richardson number, Ri, and Reynolds number, Re. Copper-water nanofluids are used with Prandtl number, Pr = 6.2 and Reynolds number, Re is varied from 100 to 500. The streamlines, isotherm plots and the variation of the average Nusselt number at the hot surface as well as average fluid temperature in the enclosure are offered and discussed in detailed. It is observed that the force convection parameter strongly influenced the fluid flow and heat transfer in the enclosure at the considered three convective regimes. Furthermore, the variation of the average Nusselt number at the heated surface is found to increase when Re increases and average fluid temperature in the cavity decreases with the raise of Re."

"Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, cairan pendingin konvensional menjadi kurang efektif untuk teknologi baru terutama dalam hal pendinginan saluran mikro. Oleh karena itu, para ilmuwan mencoba memanfaatkan nanofluida yang merupakan campuran nanopartikel dan cairan dasar. Ada begitu banyak penelitian terhadap konduktivitas termal nanofluida tetapi madih sedikit studi eksperimen untuk menyelidiki perpindahan panas konvektif dari fluida baru ini. Dengan demikian, simulasi numerik aliran nanofluida sangat penting dan tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji apa yang terjadi pada koefisien perpindahan panas konveksi dan bilangan Nusselt di bawah kondisi batas yang berbeda dengan bantuan pendekatan CFD. Untuk memahami sepenuhnya fenomena ini, simulasi CFD dilakukan untuk aliran satu fase dan aliran dua fase. studi menunjukkan bahwa koefisien perpindahan panas konvektif Al2O3/Air selalu lebih tinggi daripada air murni dan nilai ini menjadi lebih tinggi dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi Al2O3 terutama dalam kasus aliran dua fase yang memberikan koefisien konveksi tertinggi. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa bilangan Nusselt nanofluida aliran dua fase lebih rendah daripada air dan celah ini menjadi lebih besar karena konsentrasi Al2O3 menjadi lebih tinggi, menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konduktivitas lebih tinggi daripada konveksi.

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The technology is advancing day by day and conventional fluids are becoming less effective for the new technologies especially in the case of microchannel cooling. Due to this issue scientists have come up with the idea of nanofluids which is a mixture of nanoparticles and a base fluid. There are so many attentions toward the thermal conductivity of nanofluids but there is lack of experiment to investigate the convective heat transfer of these new fluids. Thus, Numerical simulation of nanofluid flows is of great importance and the aim of this study is to examine that what happens to the convective heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number under different boundary condition by the help of CFD approaches. In order to fully understand this phenomenon, the CFD simulations are carried out for both Single – phase flow and two – phase flow. the study shows that the convective heat transfer coefficient of Al2O3/ Water is always higher than pure water and this value becomes higher as the concentration of Al2O3 increases especially in the case of two – phase flow which gives the highest convection coefficient. This study also found that the Nusselt number of two – phase flow nanofluids is lower than water and this gap becomes larger as the concentration of Al2O3 becomes higher, indicating that the enhancement in conductivity is higher than convection."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan rekayasa untuk mendapatkan kondisi yang optimum dari nanofluida TiO2 dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi nanofluida dan waktu sonikasi. Nanofluida dibuat dengan mendispersikan nanopartikel TiO2 dengan diameter partikel sebesar 21 nm dalam air, konsentrasi nanofluida sebesar 0,5-8,0 % volume dan waktu sonikasi adalah 5, 10, 15 dan 30 menit. Alat Decagon-KD2 digunakan untuk mengukur nilai konduktivitas termal nanofluida TiO2. Kondisi optimum nanofluida TiO2 dalam penelitian ini diperoleh pada waktu sonikasi selama 10 menit dengan konsentrasi 5 %, dimana nilai konduktivitas termal nanofluida sebesar 1,3 kali dari konduktivitas termal fluida dasarnya dan peningkatan konduktivitas termal sebesar 40 % dari nanofluida yang tidak disonikasi.

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This study conducted engineering to obtain the optimum conditions of nanofluids TiO2 with varying concentrations and sonication time of nanofluids. Nanofluids synthesis performed with TiO2 nanoparticles 21 nm size was dispersed into the water based fluid. Various concentration is 0.5-8% vol and sonication time is 5. 10. 15. and 30 minutes. Decagon-KD2 instrument used to measured the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.

The result showed that the optimum sonication time is 10 minutes in 5 % volume concentration of TiO2 wich can increase 40 % thermal conductivity from the nanofluids with no sonication and 1.3 times higher than amount of the base fluids thermal conductivity."

"Peningkatan signifikan emisi karbon telah mendorong pemerintah Indonesia untuk mempromosikan pemanfaatan energi baru terbarukan (EBT), termasuk mempercepat program kendaraan listrik. Motor listrik berfungsi sebagai komponen utama yang mengonversi energi listrik menjadi energi mekanik. Namun, proses konversi ini dapat menyebabkan peningkatan temperatur motor, yang berpotensi menurunkan performa dan memperpendek umur motor. Penelitian ini akan meneliti dan menguji Rotating Heat Pipe (RHP) sebagai sistem manajemen termal guna mencegah temperatur motor listrik melebihi 60℃. Pipa kalor yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini memiliki diameter 10mm dan panjang 500mm, serta terbuat dari tembaga. Fluida kerja yang digunakan adalah air dan nanofluida (Al2O3-Air). Distribusi temperatur sepanjang RHP diukur dan dicatat menggunakan termokopel yang dihubungkan ke modul akuisisi melalui slip ring. Parameter fill ratio dan tekanan fluida kerja dioptimalkan untuk mencapai kinerja pendinginan yang optimal. Pipa kalor pada kondisi diam dengan filling ratio 50% menunjukkan hasil kinerja yang baik berdasarkan resistansi termal sebesar 0,09 K/W.

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The significant increase in carbon emissions has prompted the Indonesian government to promote the utilization of renewable energy, including accelerating the electric vehicle program. In vehicles, the electric motor serves as a primary component that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. However, this conversion process can cause an increase in motor temperature, potentially reducing performance and shortening motor lifespan. This study will investigate and test the Rotating Heat Pipe (RHP) as a thermal management system to prevent the electric motor temperature from exceeding 60℃. The heat pipe used in this study has a diameter of 10mm and a length of 500mm, and is made of copper. The working fluids used for this study are water and nanofluid (Al2O3-Water). The temperature distribution alaong the RHP is measured and recorded using thermocouples connected to an acquisition module via a slip ring. The fill ratio and working fluid pressure parameters are optimized to achieve optimal cooling performance. The stationary heat pipe with a 50% fill ratio demonstrated good performance, with a thermal resistance of 0.09 K/W."