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"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang. Sepsis neonatorum awitan dini (SNAD) adalah sindrom klinisakibat respon sistemik terhadap infeksi pada awal kehidupan. Diagnosis SNADseringkali sulit karena gejala klinisnya tidak spesifik.Tujuan. Mengetahui sensitivitas dan spesifisitas biakan usap telinga dalamdiagnosis SNAD.Metode. Subjek penelitian adalah neonatus yang lahir di RSCM Jakarta dan RSUTangerang Selatan dengan diagnosis SNAD. Dilakukan pengambilan biakan dariusapan telinga dan darah bayi.Hasil. Diantara 50 subjek, terdapat 2 neonatus dengan biakan darah positif, dan 32neonatus dengan biakan usap telinga positif. Hanya 1 subjek yang memilikikesesuaian jenis kuman yang tumbuh dari biakan darah dan biakan usap telinga.Bakteri yang tumbuh pada biakan usap telinga sebagian besar adalah Gram postif(62%). Biakan usap telinga mempunyai sensitivitas 64,7%, spesifisitas 36,4%,nilai duga positif 34,3%, nilai duga negatif 66,6%, rasio kemungkinan positif1,02, rasio kemungkinan negatif 0,97, dan, akurasi 46% untuk mendeteksi SNAD.Simpulan. Ditemukan hasil biakan darah positif pada 2 subjek. Biakan usaptelinga memiliki sensitivitas 64,7%, spesifisitas 36,4%, nilai duga positif 34,3%,nilai duga negatif 66,6%, rasio kemungkinan positif 1,02, rasio kemungkinannegatif 0,97, dan akurasi 46% untuk mendeteksi SNAD.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) is a clinical syndrome due tosystemic response to infection in early life. EOS is often difficult to diagnosedbecause the clinical symptoms are not specific.Objective. The study aim to determine sensitivity and specificity of ear swabsculture in the diagnosis of EOS.Methods. Neonates born in the CMH Jakarta and Tangerang Selatan Hospitalwho developed sepsis were studied. Swabs were collected for culture from baby’sear. Bacterias isolated from ear swabs cultured were correlated with those fromblood culture.Results. Among 50 neonates studied, 2 neonates had positive blood cultured and32 neonates had positive ear swabs cultured. Only one subject had suitabilitytypes of bacterias that grew from blood and ear swabs. Bacteria grew from earswab cultured were predominantly Gram-positive (62%). Ear swabs cultured hadsensitivity 64.7%, specificity 36.4%, positive predictive value (PPV) 34.3%,negative predictive value (NPV) 66.6%, positive likelihood ratio (PLR) 1.02,negative likelihood ratio (NLR) 0.97, and accuracy 46% to detect EOS.Conclusions. This study showed positive blood culture results were found in twosubjects. Ear swabs cultured had a sensitivity 64.7%, specificity 36.4%, PPV34.3%, NPV 66.6%, PLR 1.02, NLR 0.97, and accuracy 46% to detect EOS, Background. Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) is a clinical syndrome due tosystemic response to infection in early life. EOS is often difficult to diagnosedbecause the clinical symptoms are not specific.Objective. The study aim to determine sensitivity and specificity of ear swabsculture in the diagnosis of EOS.Methods. Neonates born in the CMH Jakarta and Tangerang Selatan Hospitalwho developed sepsis were studied. Swabs were collected for culture from baby’sear. Bacterias isolated from ear swabs cultured were correlated with those fromblood culture.Results. Among 50 neonates studied, 2 neonates had positive blood cultured and32 neonates had positive ear swabs cultured. Only one subject had suitabilitytypes of bacterias that grew from blood and ear swabs. Bacteria grew from earswab cultured were predominantly Gram-positive (62%). Ear swabs cultured hadsensitivity 64.7%, specificity 36.4%, positive predictive value (PPV) 34.3%,negative predictive value (NPV) 66.6%, positive likelihood ratio (PLR) 1.02,negative likelihood ratio (NLR) 0.97, and accuracy 46% to detect EOS.Conclusions. This study showed positive blood culture results were found in twosubjects. Ear swabs cultured had a sensitivity 64.7%, specificity 36.4%, PPV34.3%, NPV 66.6%, PLR 1.02, NLR 0.97, and accuracy 46% to detect EOS]"

"Latar Belakang: Sepsis Awitan Dini (SNAD) merupakan salah satu penyebab terbesar mortalitas neonatus prematur. Riset mengenai SNAD mengatakan bahwa ada faktor ibu yang berasosiasi dengan kemungkinan kasus SNAD. Faktor tersebut adalah, paritas, umur ibu, kelahiran Bedah Kaisar, frekuensi kunjungan antenatal, keputihan patologis, infeksi saluran kemih, ketuban pecah dini, leukositosis ibu, dan preklampsia. Meskipun tinggi angka kelahiran prematur di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), belum ada studi yang mempelajari faktor ibu terhadap SNAD di bayi prematur. Sehingga peneliti berusaha untuk membuat riset yang akan menyajikan data deskriptif dari faktor ibu yang berasosiasi dengan SNAD pada bayi prematur di RSCM pada tahun 2020. Metode: Penilitian kohort retrospeltif ini mengumpulkan 101 kasus kelahiran prematur pada tahun 2020 di RSCM. Dengan persetujuan komite etik, data akan dikumpulkan dari rekam medis dan infromasi mengenai faktor ibu akan diulas. Penelitian ini akan melakukan analitik untuk faktor maternal yang berhubungan dengan SNAD. Hasil: Hasil desrkiptif penilitian ini menunjukan, kelahiran Bedah Kaisar(79.2%), paritas primipara (60.4%), Umur ibu diatas 30 tahun (45.5%), Kunjungan antenatal tidak lengkap (8.9%), ketuban pecah dini (40.4%), preklampsi (26.7%), keputihan patologis (44.6%), infeksi saluran kemih (44.6%) dan jumlah leukosit ibu (27.7%). Studi analitik menunjukan bahwa tidak hubungan faktor maternal yang berhubungan bedasarkan statistik secara signifikan dengan SNAD pada bayi prematur. Konklusi: Tidak ada hubungan faktor maternal paritas, umur ibu, kelahiran bedah kaisar, frekuensi kunjungan antenatal, keputihan patologis, infeksi saluran kemih, leukositosis ibu, dan preklampsia, dengan kejadian SNAD pada bayi prematur di RSCM pada tahun 2020.......Background: Early onset Neonatal Sepsis (EOS) is one of the biggest cause of morbidity in neonates, especially premature neonates. Previous researches stated that there are maternal risks that are associated with EOS. These risks are parity, maternal age, route of birth, completion antenatal care, presence of pathological vaginal discharge, urinary tract infection, premature rupture of membrane, maternal leukocytosis and preeclampsia. Despite the high numbers of premature births in CMH, there hasn’t been a study about maternal risks associated with EOS in preterm neonates. Hence the writer proposes a study on EOS on preterm neonates association with maternal risks. Method: This retrospective cohort study is conducted on 101 preterm neonates CMH Neonatal Unit, on the year of 2020. With the approval of the ethics committee, information regarding presence of maternal risk associated is reviewed. Results: The descriptive result of the maternal risk associated with shows caesarean section (79.2%), primiparity (60.4%), advanced maternal age (45.5%), incomplete antenatal care (8.9%), premature rupture of membrane more than 18 hours (40.4%), preeclampsia (26.7%), pathological vaginal discharge (44.6%), urinary tract infection (31.7%), and maternal leukocyte (27.7%). The analytical study shows, none of these maternal risks associated with EOS have statistical significance to preterm neonates with EOS. Conclusion: There is no significance of maternal risk associated with EOS, primiparity, advanced maternal age, incomplete antenatal care, premature rupture of membrane more than 18 hours, preeclampsia, pathological vaginal discharge, UTI and maternal leukocytes to the incidence of EOS in preterm neonates in CMH Neonatal Unit in the year 2020."

"Latar belakang: Menurut data WHO, sebanyak 15 juta bayi di dunia dilahirkan kurang bulan setiap tahunnya, dan Indonesia menduduki peringkat ke-5 di dunia. Salah satu komplikasi pada bayi kurang bulan yang sering terjadi adalah sepsis. Sepsis Neonatorum Awitan Dini (SNAD) merupakan infeksi sistemik pada bayi pada usia kurang dari 72 jam yang seringkali disebabkan oleh transmisi patogen secara vertikal sebelum atau saat proses kelahiran. Strategi utama dalam penanggulangan kejadian SNAD bergantung pada identifikasi faktor risiko, termasuk ketuban pecah berkepanjangan. Namun, sampai saat ini masih belum ada kesepakatan terkait ambang batas waktu ketuban pecah yang meningkatkan risiko kejadian SNAD secara signifikan pada populasi bayi kurang bulan. Tujuan: (1) Mengetahui sebaran subjek penelitian berdasarkan karakteristik jenis kelamin, usia gestasi, usia ibu, berat lahir dan metode persalinan. (2) Mengetahui sebaran subjek penelitian berdasaran gejala klinis dan hasil pemeriksaan kultur. (3) Mengetahui hubungan antara waktu ketuban pecah dengan kejadian SNAD pada ambang batas waktu 24 jam, 18 jam dan 12 jam di RSCM. Metode penelitian: Sebuah studi kasus-kontrol dilakukan pada populasi bayi kurang bulan yang lahir di RSCM dari tahun 2016-2017. Subjek dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok: (1) kelompok kasus yang mengalami SNAD; dan (2) kelompok kontrol yang tidak mengalami SNAD; dipilih secara simple random sampling. Jumlah total subjek pada penelitian ini adalah 154 bayi kurang bulan (77 kasus dan 77 kontrol). Pengambilan data dilakukan pada Januari-Agustus 2018 dengan melihat rekam medis subjek penelitian, dilanjutkan dengan analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi Squared dan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian: Semua karakteristik tidak memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna, kecuali usia gestasi (p=0,012) dan berat lahir (p=0,02). Gejala klinis yang paling sering ditemukan dan memiliki hubungan yang bermakna adalah sesak napas (63,0%; p<0,001) dan instabilitas suhu (40,9%; p<0,001). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara waktu ketuban pecah dengan kejadian SNAD pada bayi kurang bulan di RSCM pada ambang batas waktu 12 jam, 18 jam dan 24 jam. Ketuban pecah lebih dari 12, 18 dan 24 jam meningkatkan risiko SNAD pada bayi kurang bulan 2,3 kali lipat, dan ketuban pecah lebih dari  12 jam meningkatkan risiko 2,9 kali lipat setelah adjustment.

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Introduction: According to WHO, 15 million babies are born premature annually, and  Indonesia ranks 5th worldwide. One of the most frequent complications in preterm infants is sepsis. Early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) is defined as the systemic infection in infants less than 72 hours old which is often caused by vertical transmission of pathogens before or during labour. With the current lack of consensus in the definition of neonatal sepsis, identification risk factors, including prolonged premature preterm rupture of membranes (ROM), becomes the main strategy. Unfortunately, there is also currently lack of worldwide agreement in the threshold of duration of ROM which significantly increases the risk of EONS in preterm infants.

Objectives: (1) To determine the distribution of subjects based on selected characteristics: gender, gestational age, maternal age, birth weight and mode of delivery. (2) To determine the distribution of subjects based on clinical symptoms and bacterial culture examination. (3) To determine the association between the duration of ROM and the incidence of EONS in preterm infants, at the thresholds of 24 hours, 18 hours and 12 hours, in RSCM.

Methods: A case-control study was done on preterm infants born in RSCM in 2016-2017. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: (1) the case group for preterm infants who had EONS; and (2) the control group for preterm infants who did not have EONS; each selected by simple random sampling. The total number of subjects in the study was 154 preterm infants (77 in the case group and 77 in the control group). Data collection from the medical records of the subjects was performed in January-August 2018, followed by bivariate analysis using Chi Square Test and  multivariate analysis using logistic regression.

Result: Characteristics had insignificant differences, except gestational age (p=0,012) and birth weight (p=0,02). The clinical symptoms which were most frequent and had significant associations with EONS were respiratory instability (63,0%, p<0,001) and temperature instability (40,9%, p<0,001).

Conclusion. There is a significant association between the duration of ROM at 12, 18 and 24 hours, and the incidence of EONS in preterm infants, especially at duration of more than 12 hours. Prolonged PPROM for 12, 18, and 24 hours increases the risk of EONS in preterm infants 2.3 times (unadjusted) and PPROM for 12 hours increases the risk of EONS in preterm infants 2.9 times after adjustment for other factors."

"Latar Belakang: Sepsis neonatorum diagnosisnya sulit ditegakkan karena gejala klinis dan laboratorium yang tidak spesifik. Pengobatan utama sepsis neonatorum adalah antibotik untuk menurunkan mortalitas, namun penggunaan antibiotik sering berlebihan, sehingga menyebabkan resistensi bahkan meningkatkan mortalitas. Objektif: Mengetahui tingkat kepatuhan dokter penanggung jawab pasien DPJP terhadap pedoman antibiotika pada tata laksana sepsis neonatorum, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan DPJP untuk memulai pemberian antibiotik, proses evaluasi pemberian dan penghentian antibiotik, kepatuhan pemilihan antibiotik empirik serta mengetahui faktor-faktor risiko apa saja yang dipakai dalam menegakkan diagnosis sepsis neonatorum awitan dini (SNAD) maupun sepsis neonatorum awitan lambat (SNAL). Metode: Studi dengan uji potong lintang menggunakan kuesioner wawancara pada subyek, data sekunder rekam medik serta melakukan Indepth Interview pada DPJP. Sampel penelitian adalah semua bayi baru lahir baik di RSCM maupun dari luar, diputuskan mendapat terapi antibiotik empirik lalu diberi stempel antibiotik periode bulan Desember 2017-Februari 2018 di divisi Neonatologi RSCM. Sebanyak 113 subyek dengan 167 kejadian dilakukan analisis. Hasil: Terdapat keragaman pemeriksaan septic screening awal yaitu 1-6 jam setelah lahir dan pemeriksaan ulangan rerata 56,45 37,40 jam pada SNAD dan pada SNAL 72,00 50,91 jam, antibiotik yang dilanjutkan sesuai antara klinis dan laboratorium pada SNAD 43 52,43 dari 82 subyek, dan SNAL 7 50 dari 14 subyek, namun 100 patuh pada regimen antibiotik empirik ampisilin dan gentamisin untuk tatalaksana SNAD ringan pada 86 51,49 kasus, rerata hari konsul ke divisi Infeksi adalah 9,53 5,39 pada SNAD dan 9,63 3,89 pada SNAL. Dan tidak didapatkannya hubungan antara faktor risiko dengan kesesuaian laboratorium dan klinis sepsis p=0.869. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan pertimbangan para DPJP dalam mendiagnosis sepsis, sehingga menyebabkan ketidak patuhan terhadap pedoman antibiotik yang ada.

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Background: Establishing diagnosis of neonatal sepsis is difficult due to non-specific clinical symptoms and laboratorial results. The key management for neonatal sepsis is antibiotic administration, decreasing mortality rate. However, over administration of antibiotic may lead to resistance and even increasing the mortality rate. Objectives: To evaluate the adherence of attending physicians to the neonatal sepsis guideline; To know factors that influence the attending physicians 39; decision in administrating the antibiotics; And to know risk factors that are considered by attending physicians to diagnose both early-onset neonatal sepsis EOS and late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS). Methods: Cross-sectional study was performed using questionnaire taken from the subjects, secondary data in form of medical records, and in-depth interview on the attending physicians. Data collection was done in December 2017-February 2018, in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Neonatologi Division. Total subjects of the research was 113, with 167 cases recorded, were then analyzed. Results: Various results were found regarding the early screening 1-6 hours after birth and follow-up screening for EOS 56,45 37,40 hours and LOS 72,00 50,91 hours. Appropriate administration of antibiotic, based on clinical and laboratorial data, are found in 43 52,43 from 82 case of EOS and 7 50 from 14 cases of LOS. All of attending physicians followed the guidelines regarding empirical antibiotic regiments for mild EOS, which is Ampicillin and Gentamicin on 86 cases 51.49. Average management time before attending physicians started to ask for consultation for EOS and LOS are 9,53 5,39 days and 9,63 3,89 days respectively. No relation were found between risk factors with laboratorial results and clinical sepsis p=0.869. Conclusion: Low level of adherence toward the antibiotic guideline is due to different considerations of attending physicians in diagnosing neonatal sepsis. "