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Abstrak :
Problems and defects of all kinds arise in the development and use of mechanical devices, electrical equipment, hydraulic systems, transportation mechanisms and the like. However, an extremely wide range of nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are available to help you examine these different problems and various defects in an assortment of materials under varying circumstances. It is imperative that you select the best method to solve a particular problem. And that requires a sufficient understanding of the basic processes involved to realize the advantages of each NDT method available. In addition to practical hints and pertinent comments for the resolution of day to day problems, this book will give you sufficient basic theory to comprehend the principles of each method so that the most appropriate can be selected and used to its fullest advantage. Typical illustrative calculations and a comprehensive bibliography are provided. This book will be particularly useful to advanced technicians involved with high level III NDT training, engineers concerned with quality control, general scientists and technologists dealing with materials problems but who are not NDT specialists, and engineering students taking a course in NDT.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Pipa jenis API 5L adalah yang sering dipakai untuk sistem transportasi tersebut. Dari berbagai peraturan yang terkini masih terdapat kegagalan pada sambungan pipa tersebut sehingga sering timbulnya terjadi kebakaran akibat tumpahnya minyak dari kegagalan sambungan las. Pada saat proses pengelasan yang berdasarkan peraturan atau rekomendasi seperti prosedur pengelasan (Welding Procedure Specification - WPS) sering kali tidak dapat diikuti secara benar sehingga akan mempengaruhi struktur mikro daerah terpapar panas lasan (Heat Affected Zone - HAZ). Pada penelitian ini akan diperbandingkan perbedaan Heat Input terhadapan ketangguhan dan kekuatan sambungan las. Kemudian dilakukan pengujian tidak merusak (Non Destructive Test-NDT) seperti Radiographic Test yang berguna untuk mengetahui cacat yang mungkin timbul dalam las-lasan. Kemudian pengujian merusak (Destructive Test-DT) seperti uji ketangguhan, uji keluluhan, uji impact, uji Crack Tip Open Displacement-CTOD untuk mengetahui kekuatan dan ketangguhan dari sambungan las. Dari hasil pengujian diatas Heat Input adalah unsur utama yang harus diperhatikan dalam proses pengelasan.

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ABSTRACT
API 5L pipe is type of pipe very often used for the transportation system. From various current regulations there are still failures in the pipe joint, the frequent occurrence of a fire occurs due to the oil spill from the failure of the welded joint. During the welding process based on rules or recommendation such as welding procedures (Welding Procedure Specification - WPS) found cannot be followed correctly and will impact to the microstructure of the weld area exposed to heat (Heat Affected Zone - HAZ). This research will be compared to the difference Heat Input with toughness and strength of welded joints. Then Non-Destructive Test (NDT) as Radiographic Test useful to know the defects that may arise in the welding-weld. Then destructive testing (Destructive Test-DT) such as toughness test, impact test, test Crack Tip Open Displacement-CTOD to determine the strength and toughness of the welded joint. The result showed Heat Input is one of the elements that must be considered in the welding process.;API 5L pipe is type of pipe very often used for the transportation system. From various current regulations there are still failures in the pipe joint, the frequent occurrence of a fire occurs due to the oil spill from the failure of the welded joint. During the welding process based on rules or recommendation such as welding procedures (Welding Procedure Specification - WPS) found cannot be followed correctly and will impact to the microstructure of the weld area exposed to heat (Heat Affected Zone - HAZ) This research will be compared to the difference Heat Input with toughness and strength of welded joints. Then Non-Destructive Test (NDT) as Radiographic Test useful to know the defects that may arise in the welding-weld. Then destructive testing (Destructive Test-DT) such as toughness test, impact test, test Crack Tip Open Displacement-CTOD to determine the strength and toughness of the welded joint. The result showed Heat Input is one of the elements that must be considered in the welding process., API 5L pipe is type of pipe very often used for the transportation system. From various current regulations there are still failures in the pipe joint, the frequent occurrence of a fire occurs due to the oil spill from the failure of the welded joint. During the welding process based on rules or recommendation such as welding procedures (Welding Procedure Specification - WPS) found cannot be followed correctly and will impact to the microstructure of the weld area exposed to heat (Heat Affected Zone - HAZ) This research will be compared to the difference Heat Input with toughness and strength of welded joints. Then Non-Destructive Test (NDT) as Radiographic Test useful to know the defects that may arise in the welding-weld. Then destructive testing (Destructive Test-DT) such as toughness test, impact test, test Crack Tip Open Displacement-CTOD to determine the strength and toughness of the welded joint. The result showed Heat Input is one of the elements that must be considered in the welding process.]

Abstrak :
Sambungan las pada material perlu diuji dengan metode Non-Destructive Testing untuk memastikan spesifikasi desain dan fungsi material terpenuhi serta menjamin keamanan dan keandalan, karena cacat pada sambungan las dapat terjadi selama proses pengelasan. Deteksi cacat las merupakan bagian dari evaluasi citra radiografi yang dilakukan oleh ahli radiografi. Evaluasi citra radiografi dengan metode konvensional memiliki beberapa kekurangan, di antaranya proses pengolahan citra secara konvensional kompleks dan lama, hasil interpretasi yang terlalu subjektif, kurang konsisten terutama pada jumlah citra yang banyak, dan bias pada cacat yang serupa. Kekurangan ini dapat dikompensasi melalui otomatisasi evaluasi menggunakan algoritma deep learning dan computer vision berbasis YOLO. Penelitian ini membangun model deteksi dan segmentasi cacat las menggunakan arsitektur YOLOv8. Dataset yang digunakan adalah citra radiografi dengan bentuk penampang las horizontal dari database GDXRay dan citra radiografi elips (DWDV) dari hasil akuisisi dengan metode computed radiography. Penerapan teknik augmentasi citra geometri dan mosaik diterapkan untuk mengatasi keterbatasan dataset. Keluaran yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah model yang dibangun dapat melakukan deteksi dan segmentasi sebanyak 10 jenis cacat las, yaitu crack, cavity, excessive penetration, incomplete penetration, lack of fusion, porosity, slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, undercut, dan worm-hole dengan nilai mAP untuk model yang dibangun dengan teknik augmentasi geometri adalah mAP50 = 0.798 dan mAP50-95 = 0.603 untuk bounding box, serta mAP50 = 0.790 dan mAP50-95 = 0.530 untuk mask. Sementara nilai mAP pada model yang dibangun dengan teknik augmentasi mosaik adalah mAP50 = 0.907 dan mAP50-95 = 0.743 untuk bounding box, serta mAP50 = 0.896 dan mAP50-95 = 0.648 untuk mask. Model deteksi dan segmentasi yang telah dibangun diharapkan dapat membantu operator dan ahli radiografi, serta calon operator dan ahli radiografi dalam mengevaluasi cacat las dengan lebih efisien dan akurat. ........Non-Destructive Testing needs to be performed on welded joints in materials to ensure that design specifications and material functions are fulfilled, as well as safety and reliability, due to defects in welded joints that may occur during the welding process. The evaluation of radiographic images includes the detection of weld defects by radiographers. Conventional radiographic image evaluation is more complex and time-consuming, subjective, inconsistent, especially in large numbers of images, and occasionally biased with respect to defects with similar features. This limitation can be compensated for by using YOLO-based deep learning and computer vision algorithms for evaluation automation. Using the YOLOv8 architecture, this study develops a detection and segmentation model for weld defects. A radiographic image with a horizontal weld region from the GDXRay database and an elliptical radiographic image (DWDV) from the acquisition using the computed radiography method represent the dataset. In order to overcome the limitations of the dataset, the geometric and mosaic image augmentation techniques were utilized. The mAP values for models built using the geometric augmentation are mAP50 = 0.798 and mAP50-95 = 0.603 for bounding boxes, and mAP50 = 0.790 and mAP50-95 = 0.530 for masks. Meanwhile, the mAP values for the model built using the mosaic augmentation are mAP50 = 0.907 and mAP50-95 = 0.743 for bounding boxes, and mAP50 = 0.896 and mAP50-95 = 0.648 for masks. The proposed model is able to detect and segment up to ten classes of weld defects, including cracks, cavities, excessive penetration, incomplete penetration, lack of fusion, porosity, slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, undercut, and worm-hole. It is expected that the proposed detection and segmentation model will aid radiographers in evaluating weld defects more precisely and efficiently.

Abstrak :
This book introduces the materials and traditional processes involved in the manufacturing industry. It discusses the properties and application of different engineering materials as well as the performance of failure tests. The book lists both destructible and non-destructible processes in detail. The design associated with each manufacturing processes, such Casting, Forming, Welding and Machining, are also covered.