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"ABSTRACTThe development and extension of large cities creates a need of multiple shallow tunnels in the soft ground of built areas. Excavating a tunnel generates ground displacements and deformations which can affect existing buildings and services in urban sites and can lead to unacceptable damages. Prediction of the ground settlement caused by the tunnel excavation has been a major engineering challenge. A numerical simulation using finite element method was implemented in the aim of developing a procedure for forecasting the movement induced by tunneling. This study describes the modelling procedure, comparing one procedure in a complete stages of modelling (called phases modelling) taking into account different phases simulating the different kinds of interaction between the tunnel and the soil (deconfinement, lining installation, pore pressure applied on the lining, and weight of the lining) and one in a simple way called `deconfinement modeling', simulating the excavation using a stress decrease vector exerted on the excavation boundary in the opposite to the initial ground stress described by a scalar parameter A. (the deconfinement rate). A shallow lined tunnel is analyzed in a two dimensional analyses, and observations are made for the settlement at the surface and at the tunnel crown, the deformations of the tunnel opening, and the stress path around the tunnel. Comparison is conducted using two soil models : the Mohr-Coulomb model and the CJS model. Observations of the results and comparison with the experimental data demonstrate that the deconfinement modeling is adequate for the analyses of settlement induced by tunneling only if a good modeling of the soil behavior is considered."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi program SPH yang mampu memodelkan fenomena keruntuhan lereng dengan 2 pendekatan SPH yang berbeda dibandingkan untuk mengamati bagaimana perilaku partikel saat mensimulasikan keruntuhan lereng. Program SPH Drucker-Prager dipilih karena mencakup parameter tanah yang diperlukan untuk memodelkan keruntuhan lereng. Program SPH Drucker-Prager dimodifikasi dengan menambahkan efek gravitasi pada partikel yang meningkatkan perilaku partikel. Tekanan Isotropik, Densitas dan Viskositas Semu dalam Program SPH yang dimodifikasi dianalisis untuk memeriksa apakah sesuai dengan kondisi yang diharapkan. Analisis visual menunjukkan bahwa partikel mampu memadat namun belum mampu menunjukkan perilaku keruntuhan lereng yang diharapkan. Analisis variabel dasar menunjukkan bahwa nilai yang dihitung oleh program SPH umumnya lebih besar dari nilai yang diharapkan. Program SPH yang dipilih membutuhkan modifikasi tambahan pada kode sebelum mampu memodelkan keruntuhan lereng. Modifikasi tersebut melibatkan peningkatan algoritma untuk menstabilkan Tekanan Isotropik ketika partikel berinteraksi dengan batas dan jenis partikel yang berbeda dan penambahan Metode Pengurangan Kekuatan.

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This research aims to identify the SPH program that is capable of modelling the phenomena of slope failure 2 different SPH approaches were compared to observe how the particles behave when simulating slope failure. The Drucker-Prager SPH program was selected as it includes the necessary soil parameters to model slope failure. The Drucker-Prager SPH program was modified by adding the effects of gravity on the particles improving the behaviour of the particles. The Isotropic Pressure, Density and Apparent Viscosity in the modified SPH Program were analysed to check whether it conforms to the expected conditions. The visual analysis showed that the particles are capable of compacting however is not yet capable of showing the expected slope failure behaviour. The analysis of base variables shows that the values computed by the SPH program generally are greater than the expected values. The chosen SPH Program needs additional modifications to the code before it is capable of modelling slope failure. Such modifications involve the improvement of the algorithm to stabilise the Isotropic Pressure when the particles interact with the boundary and different particle types and the addition of the Strength Reduction Method."

"This book summarizes the results of years of research on the problem of strength and fracture of polymers and elastomers. It sets out the modern approach to the strength theory from the standpoint of fractals, the kinetic and thermodynamic theories as well as the meso-mechanic destruction. The dimension reduction method is applied to model the friction processes in elastomers subjected to the complex dynamic loading. Finally, it analyses a relation between the fracture mechanism and the relation phenomena, and provides new experimental data on the sealing nodes in accordance with their specific working conditions where the effect of self-sealing is observed."