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"Banda's nutmeg oil is one of the moluccas export commodities beside seeds and mace. Nutmeg oil is produced by steam distilation of the dried seeds that do not fulfill export quality..."

"Pengadaan perkebunan pala oleh Belanda di Banda yang melibatkan tenaga budak merupakan usaha paling awal di wilayah Asia, terutama di Kepulauan Nusantara. Keinginan memperoleh salah satu rempah yang paling dibutuhkan dunia ini memicu berbagai pedagang untuk memonopoli dari sumbernya langsung. Ketika perjanjian-perjanjian dagang tidak cukup untuk mencapai tujuan, Mulailah muncul tekanan-tekanan yang menimbulkan konflik antara Belanda sebagai pedagang pendatang dan warga dan tokoh setempat Banda yang memilki sumberdaya rempah pala. Puncak konflik terjadi ketika terjadi pembantaian tahun 1621, terhadap tokoh-tokoh adat dan beberapa Orangkaya Banda, serta pengusiran sebagian besar penduduk asli Banda. Melalui organisasi dagangnya, yakni Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC). lanskap wilayah Banda dibagi dalam petak-petak perkebunan yang disewakan pada para vrijburgher dari Belanda. Disiapkanlah pula para pekerja yang berstatus budak. Terbentuklah kemudian masyarakat perkebunan yang saling melakukan relasi sosial. Perkebunan dikelola oleh seorang pekebun (perkenier) dan tempat pengeringannya dikenal nama perk yang sesungguhnya merupakan dapur pengasapan (rookkobuizen). Persoalan besarnya adalah bagaimana sesungguhnya hubungan yang terjadi pada komponen masyarakat perkebunan yang terdiri dari VOC, perkenier dan para budak? Selain itu bagaimana kekuasaan memainkan peranan dalam relasi sosial yang terjadi ? Bagaimana pula identitas masing-masing komponen masyarakat perkebunan direpresentasikan melalui praktik-praktik budaya yang dijalankan ? Representasi seperti apa yang terbentuk dari praktik-praktik budaya yang dijalankan ? Tujuan dari kajian ini untuk melihat berbagai bentuk relasi sosial terkait dengan kekuasan dan representasi dari identitas budaya yang dimiliki kelompok masyarakat perkebunan. Melalui pendekatan yang dikenal dengan arkeologi sejarah (historical archaeology), melalui metode yang menggabungkan antara data arkeologi dan data sejarah, diharapkan tujuan yang diharapkan dapat tercapai. Hasil yang diperoleh memperlihatkan bahwa kekuatan dan kekuasaan menciptakan bentuk-bentuk budaya yang sesuai dengan kondisi dan, situasi yang terjadi pada masanya. Latar belakang sosial, budaya, ideologi, dan ekonomi berpengaruh besar terhadap bentuk relasi sosial dan implementasinya pada budaya material yang ditinggalkan. Termasuk represantasi dari status, dan identitasnya yang dimiliki kelompok masyarakat perkebunan pala.

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The procurement of nutmeg plantations by the Dutch in Banda which involved slave labor was the earliest business in the Asian region, especially in the Archipelago. The desire to obtain one of the most needed spices in the world has prompted various traders to monopolize the direct source. When the trade agreements were not sufficient to achieve the goal, pressures began to emerge which caused conflict between the Dutch as immigrant traders and the residents and local leaders of Banda who had the resources of nutmeg spices. The peak of the conflict occurred when there was a massacre in 1621, against traditional leaders and some Bandanese Orangkaya, as well as the expulsion of most of the indigenous people of Banda. Through its trade organization, the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC). the landscape of the Banda region is divided into plantation plots which are rented out to vrijburghers from the Netherlands. Prepare also slave workers. Then a plantation community was formed that carried out social relations with each other. The plantation is managed by a planter (perkenier) and the drying area is known as a perk which is actually a smoking kitchen (rookkobuizen). The big problem is what is the real relationship between the components of the plantation community, which consists of the VOC, perkenier and slaves? In addition, how does power play a role in the social relations that occur? How is the identity of each component of the plantation community represented through the cultural practices that are carried out? What kind of representation is formed from the cultural practices that are carried out? The purpose of this study is to look at various forms of social relations related to power and representation of the cultural identity of plantation community groups. Through an approach known as historical archaeology, through a method that combines archaeological data and historical data, it is hoped that the expected goals can be achieved. The results obtained show that strength and power create cultural forms that are in accordance with the conditions and situations that occurred at that time. Social, cultural, ideological, and economic backgrounds have a big influence on the form of social relations and their implementation in the abandoned material culture. This includes a representation of the status and identity of the nutmeg plantation community group."

"Aflatoxin B1 is a highly toxic and carcinogenic metabolite produced by aflatoxigenic strains that commonly contaminate food and agricultural commodities. This study evaluates the inhibitory effects of Myristica fragrans Houtt (nutmeg) essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation on the mycelial growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin B1 production of Aspergillus flavus IMI 242684 and Aspergillus parasiticus IMI 283883 by fumigation and contact application. An analysis of M. fragrans essential oil using the chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that its major components are safrole (42.50%), 4-terpineol (23.81%) and methyl eugenol (11.14%). At a concentration of 1000 ppm of essential oil, the mycelial growths of both Aspergillus strains were completely inhibited by vapor treatment but only reduced by about 70% by contact treatment. However, the sporulation and aflatoxin B1 production were completely inhibited by both contact and vapor treatments. Vapor treatment induced a higher level of inhibition than contact treatment. In conclusion, nutmeg essential oil is a potential biochemical agent that can help prevent contamination of stored foods and feeds."

"Penolakan ekspor biji pala Indonesia yang terjadi secara berulang dan terus meningkat setiap tahunnya merupakan hal yang serius yang harus segera dilakukan tindak lanjut oleh pemerintah Indonesia. Pada studi ini dilakukan analisis terhadap biji pala Indonesia yang diambil dari 3 provinsi penghasil pala Indonesia yaitu Sulawesi Utara, Maluku Utara dan Maluku di 3 tingkat rantai pasok yaitu eksportir, pedagang pengumpul dan petani yang dilakukan pada rentang waktu 2017-2023. Studi ini diharapkan dapat memantau tren yang terjadi serta gambaran yang terjadi terkait kontaminasi aflatoksin dan okratoksin di Indonesia. Pada studi ini juga diharapkan dapat mengetahui korelasi antara parameter fisik terhadap munculnya cemaran mikotoksin serta akan dilakukan risk assessment sehingga diharapkan dapat memberikan rekomendasi terkait mitigasi resiko. Dari studi yang dilakukan ditemukan bahwa tren positif sampel aflatoksin meningkat pada 3 tahun kebelakang sedangkan tren positif sample okratoksin menurun. Pada 3 provinsi penghasil pengambilan sampel, diketahui Maluku Utara menjadi provinsi dengan temuan sampel positif terbanyak. Sedangkan pada tingkat rantai pasok, eksportir merupakan titik dengan temuan mikotoksin terbanyak. Terdapat korelasi positif antara parameter fisik terhadap kemunculan mikotoksin meskipun sampel mikotoksin juga ditemukan pada kadar air <10%. Hasil risk assessment sampel pala didapatkan bahwa AFB1 dan AFTotal pada semua kelompok umur dianggap beresiko karena memiliki nilai MoE <10.000. Sedangkan pada kasus cemaran OTA memiliki risk yang lebih rendah atau tidak beresiko pada semua kelompok umur. Hasil uji LC50 diperoleh pala tercemar aflatoksin memiliki LC50 lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan pala tercemar okratoksin.

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The repeated and escalating rejection of Indonesian nutmeg exports each year is a serious issue that requires immediate follow-up action by the Indonesian government. This study investigating Indonesian nutmeg sourced from three provinces – North Sulawesi, North Maluku, and Maluku – across three supply chain levels: exporters, collector traders, and farmers, spanning from 2017 to 2023. The aim is to monitor prevailing trends and provide an overview of aflatoxin and ochratoxin contamination in Indonesia. Additionally, the study seeks to identify correlations between physical parameters and mycotoxin contamination, and to conduct risk assessments to recommend risk mitigation strategies. The study reveals a recent upward trend in aflatoxin-positive samples over the past three years, while ochratoxin-positive samples have shown a declining trend. Among the three provinces, North Maluku has the highest contamination rate of positive samples. At the supply chain level, exporters have the highest occurrence of mycotoxin contamination. Positive correlations were found between physical parameters and mycotoxin occurrence, despite mycotoxin presence also being detected in samples with moisture content <10%. Risk assessments of nutmeg samples indicate that AFB1 and AFTotal pose risks across all age groups due to their MoE values being <10,000. Conversely, OTA contamination poses lower or negligible risks across all age groups. LC50 tests revealed that nutmeg contaminated with aflatoxin has a lower LC50 compared to ochratoxin-contaminated nutmeg."

"ABSTRAKPenerapan kebijakan Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS)sebagai Non-TariffMeasuresdi Negara-negara European Union (EU) melaluiComission Regulation(EC) No. 1881/2006 tentang setting maximum levels for certain contaminants infoodstuffs diduga berdampak terhadap ekspor lada dan pala Indonesia. Untuk itudilakukan penelitian dengan pendekatan gravity model menggunakan variabeldummy SPS yang diberlakukan EU pada analisis ekspor komoditi tersebut.Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model analisisekonometrika dengan data panel. Estimasi dilakukan pada model dengan periodewaktu penelitian tahun 1996-2015 dengan variabel kontrol yaitu gross domesticproduct (GDP), produksi, real exchange rate (RER), dummy regulasi SPS, harga,biaya transportasi, tarif serta interaksi antara variabel tarif dan SPS.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa diberlakukannya regulasi SPS oleh EUberpengaruh negatif terhadap ekspor lada dan pala Indonesia masing-masing padatingkat kepercayaan 99%.

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ABSTRACTImplementation of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) as one of non-tariff measureswithin European Union (EU) countries member by Comission Regulation asECNo. 1881/2006 about setting maximum levels for certain contaminants infoodstuffs, is predicted influencing the export of pepper and nutmeg ofIndonesia.To prove the hypothesis, research was done using gravity modelapproachment with dummy SPS as variable target which described regulationimplemented in EU, for analyzing the impact on export of these commodities.The analytical method used in this research is the econometric analysis modelwith panel data. Estimation data was made in terms of periode time on 1996 up to2015 with control variables were gross domestic product (GDP), production, realexchange rate (RER), dummy regulation of SPS, price, transportation cost, tariffand interaction of variables as dummy regulation of SPS and tariff.Result of estimations show that SPS regulation of EU is significantly had negativeimpact on export of nutmeg and pepper of Indonesia to EU within 99% ofconfidence level of estimation of each"

"Pada penelitian ini telah berhasil disintesis senyawa nanopartikel GdCoO3 dan nanokomposit ZnO/GdCoO3 dengan ekstrak daun pala (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) secara green synthesis. Sintesis nanopartikel dan nanokomposit dilakukan dalam sistem dua fasa menggunakan pengadukan kecepatan tinggi. Ekstrak daun pala digunakan sebagai sumber basa (ion OH- ), penstabil, serta capping agent dalam pembentukan nanopartikel pada sistem dua fasa karena daun pala memiliki banyak kandungan metabolit sekunder seperti alkaloid, steroid dan saponin. Nanopartikel GdCoO3 yang berhasil disintesis memiliki ukuran 77,64 dengan morfologi yang berongga berdasarkan hasil SEM. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian UV-Vis DRS, naokomposit ZnO/GdCoO3, nanopartikel GdCoO3 dan nanopartikel ZnO yang terbentuk memiliki celah pita masing-masing yaitu sebesar 1,99 eV; 1,27 eV; dan 2,95 eV. Hasil karakterisasi XRD nanokomposit ZnO/GdCoO3 menunjukkan nilai difraksi 2θ khas gabungan nanopartikel ZnO dan nanopartikel GdCoO3. Nanopartikel ZnO, GdCoO3 dan nanokomposit ZnO/GdCoO3 yang disintesis diaplikasikan untuk melihat aktivitas fotokatalitiknya terhadap zat warna malasit hijau di bawah sinar tampak selama dua jam. Persentase degradasi malasit hijau menggunakan fotokatalis nanokomposit ZnO/GdCoO3, nanopartikel ZnO dan nanopartikel GdCoO3 berturut-turut sebesar 88%, 78% dan 68%. Kinetika reaksi fotodegradasi malasit hijau oleh nanokomposit ZnO/GdCoO3 mengikuti reaksi semu orde satu.

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This study was conducted to synthesize GdCoO3 nanoparticles and ZnO/GdCoO3 nanocomposites with Nutmeg leaf extract (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) with green synthesize method. Nanoparticle and nanocomposite synthesis was carried out in a two phase system using high speed stirring. Nutmeg leaf extract is used as a base source (OHion), stabilizer, and as a capping agent in the formation of nanoparticles with two phases system because nutmeg leaves have a lot of secondary metabolite content such as alkaloid, steroid and saponin. The size of synthesized GdCoO3 nanoparticles are 77,64 nm size with holes morphology based on SEM results. According to UV-Vis DRS testing, the ZnO/GdCoO3 nanocomposite, GdCoO3 nanoparticle and ZnO nanoparticle formed have low band gap which is 1,99 eV, 1,27 eV and 2,95 eV. The results of XRD characterization of nanoparticles and nanocomposite showed the 2θ diffraction value is combination of ZnO nanoparticle and GdCoO3 nanoparticle. The synthesized nanoparticles and nanocomposites were then applied to see the photocatalytic activity on Green Malachite dyes under visible light for two hours. Percentage of degradation of nanocomposite ZnO/GdCoO3, ZnO nanoparticle and GdCoO3 nanoparticle against Green Malachite compound is 88%, 78% and 68%. Calculation of malasit green photodegradation reaction kinetics by ZnO / GdCoO3 nanocomposites following a first-order pseudo reaction."

"Neuropati adalah kerusakan saraf. Pada penelitian ini akan membahas neuropati kranial trigeminal neuralgia dan neuropati diabetik. Penderita neuropati banyak yang tidak puas dengan pengobatan pada umumnya karena kontrol nyeri yang tidak komplit dan menimbulkan efek samping seperti pusing, mual, dan muntah. Karena itu dibutuhkan penanganan alternatif yang tidak memiliki efek samping berupa jamu turun tegang saraf yang mengandung cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum), jahe (Zingiber officinale), dan pala (Myristica fragrans). Nyeri neuropati berhubungan dengan kerusakan jaringan dan menghasilkan proses inflamasi, demikian juga cedera saraf dapat menyebabkan reaksi inflamasi. Pada penelitian ini jamu turun tegang saraf akan diuji secara in silico dengan metode docking yang menghasilkan interaksi inhibisi 6-gingerol, myristicin, dan eugenol terhadap enzim COX-1 dengan afinitas energi ikatan sebesar -6,86 kcal/mol, -5,70 kcal/mol, dan -6,10 kcal/mol dan koefisien inhibisi sebesar 9,40 μM, 66,49 μM, dan 33,61 μM; terhadap enzim COX-2 dengan afinitas energi ikatan sebesar -6,77 kcal/mol, -5,51 kcal/mol, dan -5,75 kcal/mol dan koefisien inhibisi sebesar 10,82 μM, 92 μM, dan 60,96 μM. Pra perancangan pabrik jamu turun tegang saraf yang menghasilkan pabrik yang layak investasi dengan PBP sebesar 1,42 tahun. Pemodelan reaksi enzimatik inhibisi non kompetitif pada jamu turun tegang saraf menghasilkan kemampuan inhibisi yang mendekati flurbiprofen dan berpotensi sebagai anti inflamasi.

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Neuropathy is nerve damage. This research will discuss trigeminal neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. Many neuropathy sufferers are dissatisfied with medication in general due to incomplete pain control and side effects. Because of that, alternative handling is needed that does not have side effects in the form of neural tension-reducing herb consists of ginger (Zingiber officinale), cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). Neuropathic pain is related to tissue damage and produces an inflammatory process, as well as nerve damage, which can cause inflammation. In this study, in-silico test is done by the docking method that tested 6-gingerol, myristicin, and eugenol against the COX-1 enzyme with the results of affinity energy bond of -6.86 kcal/mol, -5,70 kcal/mol, and -6.10 kcal/mol and inhibition coefficient of 9.40 μM, 66.49 μM, and 33.61 μM; against COX-2 enzymes with the results of affinity energy bond of -6.77 kcal/mol, -5.51 kcal/mol, and -5.75 kcal/mol and inhibition coefficient of 10.82 μM, 92 μM, and 60 .96 μM. The preliminary design of the neural tension-reducing herb factory resulted in an investment-worthy factory with PBP of 1.42 years. Modeling of non-competitive enzymatic reactions on the active substances of neural tension-reducing herb resulted the ability to inhibit inflammation similar to flurbiprofen and could be used as an anti inflammatory."