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"ABSTRACTThe recommendation and estimation of human energy and dietary requirement until today has been based only on the physiological needs of food nutrients. The fact that food is also an integral part of socialization process seemed to be ignored. In some communities beside having a social function, food is also used non-physiologically such as in religious ceremonies. It was hypothesized that for communities like Bali Island where food is used extensively for non-physiological purpose, such as in religious ceremonies, the present recommendation is still inadequate as--it failed to consider the food needed for that purpose. Furthermore it was believed that the quality and quantity of food used for that practice depends on the socio-economic status of the households.

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The general objectives of this study was to observe the non-physiological. usage of food in Balinese household, in order to calculate the total food requirement of households for both physiological and social needs and to obtain information on the religious and cultural background or explanation of the practice.

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The results of semi-structured interviews and observations on 60 households from two villages in Tabanan Districts, Bali, indicated that there were no statistically significant relationship between the quality and quantity of food used non-physiologically and the socio-economic status of the households. Based on the three alternate days 24-hour recall, it was calculated that the food used for' non-physiological purpose in terms of kcal amounted to 3.6 % of the total daily average energy intake of households in village Timpag and 4.1 % of households in Pandakbandung village. Based on observation, Focus Group Discussion and in-depth interview with selected key informants it was estimated that in term of energy, the average daily usage of food for non-physiological purpose for the whole year, were more than 641 kcal which equals to more than 7.5 % of aver-age daily calorie intake of-the sample households."

"Fenomena Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) di Teluk Lampung, khususnya di Teluk Hurun, telah banyak dibahas oleh beberapa peneliti. Fenomena HABs diduga akibat peningkatan unsur hara (N dan P) dari limbah pertambakan, pembenihan (hatchery) dan budidaya ikan dalam karamba jaring apung. Masukan N dan P ke perairan akan menyebabkan eutrofikasi perairan yang selanjutnya dapat memicu terjadinya ledakan populasi fitoplankton yang dapat berbahaya bagi organisme perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan kadar nutrient N dan P dengan kemunculan fitoplankton berbahaya, akibat limbah budidaya perikanan yang berbeda pada lokasi penelitian. Secara deskristif hubungan unsur hara N dan P terhadap kelimpahan fitoplankton dapat dilihat dengan adanya kecenderungan peningkatan unsur hara tertentu yang diikuti oleh peningkatan kelimpahan total fitoplankton atau kelimpahan salah satu jenis fitoplankton. Beberapa fitoplankton berbahaya yang ditemukan dengan kelimpahan tinggi pada penelitian ini adalah Ceratium furca dengan kepadatan tertinggi mencapai 5.314 x 10 sel/l, Trichodesmium erithraeum dengan kelimpahan mencapai 1.05 x 10 sel/l and Noctiluca scintilans dengan kelimpahan mencapai 5.99 x 10 sel/l. Hubungan unsur hara N dan P dengan HABs juga ditunjukkan dengan analisis regresi berganda dan canonical corelation analysis (CCA) yang menunjukkan adanya korelasi positif yang kuat antara konsentrasi unsur hara N dan P dengan potensi kemunculan HABs pada berbagai lokasi budidaya perikanan di Teluk Lampung. ......The phenomenon of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the Lampung Bay has been reported by many researchers. The occurrence of HABs may be due to the increase of nutrient (N and P) as results of waste water of aquaculture (shrimp farms, hatcheries and fish cage farms). This study aim to determine the relationship between N and P concentrations in some aquaculture sites with harmful algal blooms. The analysis revealed the differences concentration of N and P at each different shrimp farms and fish cage farms sites (Hurun, Sidodadi, Ringgung, and Cikunyinyi Bay). The result showed that the increase of N and P concentration were followed by the increase of harmful phytoplankton populations. High density HABs were found in this study, such as: Ceratium furca with the highest density at 5.314 x 10 cells l -1, Trichodesmium erithraeum 1.05 x 10 cells l-1 and Noctiluca scintilans 5.99 x 10 cells l-1. The Multiple regression and canonical corelation analysis (CCA) also indicated a strong positive relationship between N and P with the HABs at the shrimp farms and fish cage farms sites in the Lampung Bay."

"The high incidence cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors among various ethnic groups in Indonesia is possibly closely related to the nutrients intake pattern of groups in Indonesia especially the Minangkabau ethnis group.Therefore a cross sectional study was implemented to describe the nutrients intake pattern of he Minangkabau ethnis group. To achieve the objective the required sample size of 480 was selected. The studies population consisted of adults aged 18 years and olders, living in the city of Padang. This study used sub-samples of a Body Mass Index Survey in provinces of Indonesia. Data of actual food intake, colledted through a 24-hours dietary recall method were used to estimate the nutrient intake pattern. The nutrients intake data showed that the Minangkabau ethnic group had a poor quality if dietary fat pattern and a high risk toward cardiovaxcular risk factors, especially concerning dyslipidemia."

"Enzyme activity can be used as a peat decomposition indicator in the oil palm rhizosphere of peatlands. Oil palm plantation management requires fertilization in the rhizosphere to provide nutrients for oil palm growth. The state of total nutrient in the rhizosphere can influence enzyme activity. This research aimed to study enzyme activity in relationship to nutrients in the oil palm rhizosphere of peatlands. Using the explorative method in Riau’s tropical peatlands, an oil palm plantation was chosen as a location for the main sites, and a degraded forest as well as a shrubland were chosen as comparison sites. In the oil palm plantation, peat samples were taken from peats adhering to oil palm roots at the peat depths of 0‒25 and 25‒50 cm and at distances of 0‒1, 1‒2, 2‒3, and 3‒4 m from the trees. In the degraded forest and shrub, t samples were taken from selected plant roots at the depths of 0-25 and 25-50 cm. The triplicate peat samples were then composited for an analysis of enzyme activity and total nutrient content. Results showed that enzyme (urease, phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and laccase) activity in the oil palm rhizosphere decreased as the distance from trees and the depth of rhizosphere increased. The decline in enzyme activity was caused by a low peat pH and an increased water content as well as organic carbon content. Enzyme activity increased with increasing oil palm age and ash content. Total K and Zn contents showed no correlation with enzyme activities. However, total Ca and Mg contents showed positive correlation only with β-glucosidase activity. Total Fe and Cu contents showed significantly negative correlation with enzyme activities (urease, phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and laccase). Enzyme activity in the rhizosphere of the degraded forest and shrubs were mostly lower than in the oil palm rhizosphere."