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"Telah dilakukan proses pembuatan metil ester sulfonat (MES) dengan bahan awal metil ester (ME) dari crude palm oil (CPO) dan H2SO4 sebagai agen pensulfonasi. Reaksi pembuatan MES terdiri dari 3 tahap: sulfonasi dengan H2SO4, pemurnian dengan metanol, dan penetralan dengan NaOH. Optimasi dilakukan dengan variasi waktu reaksi ( 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; dan 2,0 jam) dan variasi penambahan metanol (25, 30, 35, 40, dan 45 %). Produk reaksi dianalisis dengan spektrofotometer infra merah dan dilakukan uji angka asam, angka iod, kandungan surfaktan anionik, dan uji screening surfaktan. Screening surfaktan terdiri dari: uji kompatibilitas, tegangan antar muka, stabilitas termal dan kelakuan fasa. Produk reaksi pembuatan MES menunjukkan bahwa MES adalah suatu ester yang diperkirakan tersulfonasi pada Cα. Kondisi optimum proses pembuatan MES diperoleh pada waktu reaksi optimum 1,5 jam dan penambahan jumlah metanol optimum 40 %. Pada kondisi optimum tersebut diperoleh MES dengan nilai tegangan antar muka 3,68.10-2; 3,52.10-2; 3,17.10-2; dan 3,07.10-2 dyne/cm pada konsentrasi surfaktan 0,3; 0,5; 0,7; dan 1,0 %. Produk MES yang diperoleh dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai surfaktan untuk enhanced oil recovery (EOR). ......The synthesis of methyl ester sulfonate (MES) was conducted using methyl ester (ME) produced from crude palm oil (CPO) with H2SO4 as sulfonating agent. The synthesis consisted of three steps-processes : sulfonation reaction with H2SO4, purification with methanol and neutralization with NaOH. The sulfonation reaction was carried out in time interval of 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; dan 2,0 hours and variation of addition methanol of 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 %. The products were analyzed with FTIR method, in addition to the determination of acid number, iodine number, surfactant content, and screening of surfactant. The screening of surfactant consisted of compatibility test, interfacial tension test, thermal stability test, and phase behavior test. The synthesized MES showed that MES was an ester compound and the sulfonate group was bond at Cα.The optimum sulfonation reaction was achieved for 1,5 hours and 40 % methanol addition, in which the interfacial tension (IFT) of MES 3,68.10-2; 3,52.10-2; 3,17.10-2; and 3,07.10-2 dyne/cm at concentration of surfactant 0,3; 0,5; 0,7; and 1,0 % respectively. The product of MES can be considered as a surfactant for enhanced oil recovery (EOR)."

"ABSTRAKProses produksi kukus untuk steam flooding umumnya menggunakan gas alam sebesar 1,7 Tcf/tahun. Sementara itu, proyek steamflood umumnya merupakan proyek jangka panjang dan gas alam sudah mulai langka serta harganya mahal diseluruh plosok dunia. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan penelitian skema produksi kukus alternatif untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Penelitian skema produksi dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak ASPEN HYSYS dan kemudian kualitas kukus yang diproduksi akan dievaluasi dalam penerapannya pada operasi steamflood menggunakan perangkat lunak COMSOL dan CMG. Skema pemanfaatan panas bumi mampu meningkatkan rekoveri hingga 60% dengan biaya produksi kukus yang lebih hemat 12% dengan jarak terjauh lapangan minyak dan lapangan panas bumi 30 km untuk kemungkinan penerapan skema ini. Selain itu, pada penelitian ini dilakukan tinjauan singkat untuk sistem lapangan panas bumi yang terdedikasi untuk proyek steamflood dimana terdapat 1 lapangan minyak yang 100% prosesnya menggunakan skema ini dan 1 lapangan minyak 70% prosesnya menggunakan skema ini.

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ABSTRACTThe steam roduction process for steam flooding generally use natural gas at 1.7 Tcf/year. Meanwhile, steamflood project is generally a long-term project and natural gas is already scarce and expensive throughout the world. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternatives steam production process scheme to overcome these problems. Research conducted using ASPEN HYSYS to simulate steam production process and furthermore it will be evaluated in its steamflood operations application using software COMSOL and CMG. Geothermal energy utilization schemes can improve recovery by up to 60% to the cost of steam production more efficient by 12% with the furthest distance the field of oil and geothermal field 30 km to the possibility of applying this scheme. Additionally, in this study conducted a brief review of the system of geothermal field fully dedicated to steamflood projects where there are one oil field to 100% process using this scheme and one 70% oil field process using this scheme."

"ABSTRACTAntiklinorium structures that are spreading in the area of Rembang Zone along the Central Java to East Java reflect oil traps that lay under the surface. The oil fields have been exploited since the time of the Dutch occupation leaving the water cut at above 95%. Interpretation of reserves and production forecasts made by many researchers conclude that the remaining oil is still in the range of 50% (OOIP). To overcome the problem, the Government recently encouraged researchers to conduct a comprehensive review in terms of enhanced oil recovery with the goal of increasing the oil recovery in this zone by as much as possible. The XYZ-oil field in the Rembang Zone has a widely spread reservoir sandstone in the border area of the Central Java - East Java. Reservoir rocks in this area contain calcareous and silty matrix. Clay minerals are distributed almost evenly with high kaolinite content (30% of the bulk clay mineral). Kaolinite is a mineral that is easily removed by fluid flow so that it would create problems during the oil production process. The composition of injection water collected from several wells can also easily form slugs and scale as indicated by the occurrence of crude oil and bacteria that behave as a very corrosive substance that tends to facilitate the creation of production and equipment damage. This study conducted an experiment in enhanced oil recovery using waterflooding. To avoid the occurence of non-Darcy flow, critical velocity analysis was conducted obtaining a value of 37.6 ft/day. This velocity is defined as a maximum injection velocity of the water displacement in this waterflooding experiment. Based on the waterflooding experiment of X-Well in the laboratory, the injection of oil using injection water without additives led to an increase in oil recovery of 0.77% Pore Volume (%PV), while the displacement of injection water added with additives resulted in an increase in oil recovery by as much as 1.31%PV."

"The rapidly growing demand for petroleum resources has become a crucial global problem. Therefore, a more realistic solution is required for oil production. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has become an essential technique to extract original oil content and maintain oil fields. During this process, certain viscous polymers are commonly used as mobility control agents. In this work, we introduce a new class of polymer to address the limitations of commercial EOR polymers. We successfully extracted kappa-type carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii seaweed using demineralized water and ethanol precipitation. The amount of yield, intrinsic viscosity, and viscosity-average molecular mass of the extracted carrageenan were 18.64%, 12.77 dLg-1, and 4.716×105 gmol-1, respectively. Characterizations were done by dynamic viscosity and rheological measurement, along with a thermal degradation test. The measurements indicated that kappa-carrageenan is an attractive green substitute for polyacrylamide, as it showed relatively high resistance to temperature, shear rate, and salinity compared to polyacrylamide-based commercial EOR polymers. However, a higher concentration of carrageenan is still needed to reach the same viscosity as the commercial polymers."

"Fase produksi sekunder Lapangan X telah dilaksanakan dalam 10 tahun terakhir untuk mempertahankan tekanan reservoir dan meningkatkan pemulihan minyak, namun pemulihan minyak hanya sebesar 20,9%. Untuk meningkatkan perolehan minyak, dimanfaatkan CO2 gas buang sebesar 507 ton/day dari hasil stripping CO2 removal gas plant sebagai sumber injeksi ke reservoir Lapangan X. Simulator Extended Black Oil digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja injeksi CO2 sehingga didapat laju alir injeksi CO2 optimum sebesar 1000 MCFD dengan produksi minyak kumulatif sebesar 4,2 MMSTB dan penambahan recovery factor sebesar 9,65%. Diperlukan fasilitas tambahan diameter 6 inch x panjang 25.000 kaki pipa gas bawah laut, dan satu kompresor reciprocating 3-tahap untuk menekan gas CO2 dari 2 psig menjadi 600 psig dengan nilai keekonomian dari proyek ini yaitu IRR sebesar 24,99% dan NPV 207,8 juta US$ dengan Pay Back Periode selama 4 tahun.......The secondary production phase of Field X has been carried out in the last 10 years to maintain reservoir pressure and improve oil recovery, but oil recovery only 20,9%. To increase oil recovery, a 507 tons/day of CO2 gas venting from stripping CO2 removal gas plant is utilized as a source of injection into reservoir Field X. The performance analysis of CO2 injection was carried out using the Extended Black Oil simulator so that the optimum CO2 injection flow rate of 1000 MCFD was obtained with cumulative oil production of 4.2 MMSTB and an additional recovery factor of 9.65%. Required an additional facility of 6 inch diameter x 25,000 feet subsea gas pipe, and a 3-stage reciprocating gas compressor to suppress CO2 gas from 2 psig to 600 psig with the economic value of this project, namely an IRR of 24.99% and NPV 207.8 million US $ with a Pay Back Period for 4 years."

"Meningkatnya permintaan produk minyak bumi dan penurunan tekanan alami sumur selama produksi minyak membawa fokus industri minyak ke pengembangan dan peningkatan teknik pengurasan minyak tahap lanjut atau Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Dari berbagai jenis teknik EOR, chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) merupakan salah satu jenis metode untuk peningkatan produksi tahap lanjut dengan menggunakan bahan kimia untuk mendapatkan tingkat pengurasan minyak yang tinggi. Secara umum, metode CEOR terdiri dari beberapa tipe antara lain adalah injeksi sumur dengan menggunakan surfaktan sebagai bahan aktif. Untuk mendapatkan recovery minyak yang tinggi diperlukan pemilihan surfaktan yang disesuaikan dengan karakter batuan dan fluida reservoir, juga kombinasi surfaktan dengan bahan yang lain misalnya nanopartikel. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari sinergitas dalam pengaplikasian antara surfaktan dan nanopartikel Fe3O4 dalam proses EOR. Hasil dari pengujian menunjukkan bahwa dari kombinasi 3 jenis surfaktan menunjukkan interfacial tension (IFT) dan phase behavior yang baik adalah kombinasi 75%S11: 25%S20. Larutan surfaktan tersebut pada konsentrasi 4% dan ditambahkan nanopartikel Fe3O4 sebesar 0,01 wt% menunjukkan kestabilan yang paling baik dan IFT yang kecil. Pada pengujian coreflooding, kombinasi surfaktan 75%S11:25%S20 yang ditambahkan nanopartikel Fe3O4 0,01 wt% memberikan penambahan perolehan recovery factor sebesar 5,09% OOIP (17,8% ROIP). Penambahan ini cukup besar dikarenakan recovery factor sebelumnya dengan waterflooding dan surfaktan sudah tercapai sebesar 71,40% OOIP. Total recovery factor yang didapatkan sebesar 76,52% OOIP.......The increasing demand for petroleum products and the natural pressure drop in wells during oil production has brought the oil industry's focus to the development and improvement of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques. Of the various types of EOR techniques, chemically enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) is one method for increasing production at an advanced stage using chemicals to obtain a high level of oil extraction. The CEOR method generally consists of several types, including good injection using surfactants as active ingredients. In order to obtain high oil recovery, it is necessary to select a surfactant that is adjusted to the characteristics of the rock and reservoir fluids, as well as a combination of surfactants with other materials, such as nanoparticles. Therefore, this study aims to study the synergy in applying surfactants and Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the EOR process. The results of the tests showed that the combination of the three types of surfactants showed good IFT and phase behaviour, namely the combination 75%S11: 25%S20. The surfactant solution at a concentration of 4% and 0.01 wt% Fe3O4 nanoparticles added showed the best stability and the smallest IFT. In the core flooding test, the surfactant combination 75%S11:25%S20 added with 0.01 wt% Fe3O4 nanoparticles gave an additional recovery factor of 5.09% OOIP (17.8% ROIP). This addition is large because the previous recovery factor with waterflooding and surfactants has reached 71.40% OOIP. The total recovery factor obtained was 76.52% OOIP."

"Fokus pada penelitian ini membahas potensi dampak lingkungan dari aktifitas pemanfaatan emisi gas karbon dioksida sebagai injeksi miscible gas pada enhanced oil recovery. Responsible Innovation dipilih sebagai kerangka kerja besar pada peneltian ini, pemanfaatan CO2 dianggap sebagai salah satu inovasi yang harus dijaga keberlanjutannyya, oleh karena itu studi ini membahas dan menganalisis menggunakan lima dimensi responsible innovation diantaranya: anticipation, reflexivity, responsiveness, deliberation and participation. Sebagai alat untuk mengevaluasi, Life Cycle Assessment digunakan untuk menganalisis dampak lingkungan yang ditimbulkan oleh 4 unit utama dalam proses CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery yaitu sumur gas Subang,CO2 Recovery, CO2 Transmisi, dan sumur minyak EOR Jatibarang. Kami membangun model perhitungan LCA dengan software spreadsheet, untuk mengukur berbagai kuantitas input feed gas yang berbeda untuk mengevaluasi dampak lingkungan yang ditimbulkan. Potensi dampak lingkungan terbesar adalah kontribusi terhadap dampak pengasaman/acidification ,yang sumbernya didominasi oleh emisi dari unit CO2 recovery. Secara umum, dampak lingkungan terbesar dalam kategori LCA adalah pengasaman/acidification, diikuti oleh pembentukan photo-oxidant, perubahan iklim/climate change dan penipisian sumber daya abiotik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa unit sumur gas Subang menyumbang potensi dampak lingkungan terbesar dalam seluruh proses yang ada. ......The focus of this research is to analyze potential environmental impact in the utilization of carbon dioxide gas emission as miscible gas injection on Enhanced Oil Recovery activity. Responsible Innovation has been choosen as a grand framework on this study, CO2 utilization is considered as one of the innovations that should be kept sustainability, therefore this study discuss and analyzes using five dimensions of responsible innovation namely: anticipation, reflexivity, responsiveness, deliberation and participation. As a tool to asses, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is applied to analyze impacts environment, produced by the four main units in the process of CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery, which are Gas Well in Subang, CO2 Recovery, CO2 Transmission and Oil Well fo EOR in Jatibarang. We developed LCA calculation model using spreadsheet software, used to assess a various of input quantity of feed gas to evaluate environmental impact. The biggest potential environmental impact is the contribution to acidification impact which emissions are produced mostly from unit CO2 recovery. In general, the biggest environmental impact in the LCA category is acidification, followed by photo-oxidant formation, climate change and depletion of abiotic resources. This study shows that gas wells in Subang gives the biggest environmental impacts potential in the whole process."

"ABSTRAKBiosurfaktan adalah agen aktif permukaan (surfaktan) yang dapat menurunkan tegangan permukaan minyak dan dapat digunakan dalam peningkatan perolehan minyak bumi secara hayati (Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery / MEOR). Bakteri Halomonas meridiana BK-AB4 diharapkan dapat bertahan pada kondisi reservoir yang memiliki suhu dan salinitas tinggi sehingga cocok untuk digunakan dalam MEOR. Uji potensi dengan media agar darah menunjukkan hemolisis tipe alfa (α) yang menunjukkan adanya biosurfaktan yang diproduksi oleh bakteri Halomonas meridiana BK-AB4. Kultur starter optimum didapatkan setelah pertumbuhan selama 6 jam. Komposisi POME yang digunakan dianalisis dengan GC-MS dan didapatkan susunan utamanya adalah asam oleat dan asam palmitat. Kondisi optimum produksi biosurfaktan pada konsentrasi POME (v/v) 20%, suhu 65°C, pH 8 dan konsentrasi NaCl (w/v) 7% dengan nilai ODA 1,382 cm dan nilai IFT 1,817 dyne/cm. Hasil analisis FTIR menunjukkan adanya gugus asam karboksilat ataupun ester yang mengindikasikan jenis biosurfaktan asam lemak.

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ABSTRACTBiosurfactant is surface active agents (surfactant) that is able to reduce surface tension of oil and can be utilized for Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR). Halomonas meridiana BK-AB4 is a strain of microorganism that is able to survive in high temperature and salinity as in oil reservoirs, which will be suitable for MEOR. Hemolysis assay with blood agar showed alpha type hemolysis that indicated biosurfactant produced by Halomonas meridiana BK-AB4. The optimum starter culture is obtained after 6 hours of culitvation. Composition of POME is analyzed with GC-MS which primarily consisted of oleic acid and palmitic acid. Optimum biosurfactant production is at POME concentration (v/v) of 20%, 65°C temperature, pH 8 and NaCl concentration (w/v) of 7% with ODA value 1.382 cm and IFT 1,817 dyne/cm. FT-IR analysis showed functional groups of carboxylic acid or ester which indicated fatty acid class biosurfactant."

"Sebagai produsen minyak sawit terbesar di dunia, Indonesia dapat memanfaatkan minyak kelapa sawit sebagai prekursor sintesis alkil poliglikosida (APG) untuk aplikasi Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Dalam penelitian ini, optimasi sintesis APG C-4 perantara (butanolisis) menggunakan metode tidak langsung untuk memaksimalkan konversi ke APG C-12 untuk aplikasi EOR dan sintesis APG C-12 menggunakan metode langsung sebagai perbandingan dilakukan. Optimalisasi sintesis antara APG C-4 perantara melalui metode tidak langsung dilakukan dengan menggunakan refluks dengan mereaksikan D-glukosa monohidrat, 1-butanol dengan perbandingan setara 1: 8 dan 8: 1, dan asam p-toluenesulfonic (PTSA) 1% dari D- berat glukosa monohidrat dengan berbagai suhu (80, 90, 100, 110, dan 120 ° C) dan berbagai waktu reaksi (1,5, 3, dan 6 jam). Sementara itu, sintesis APG C-12 melalui metode langsung dilakukan dengan menggunakan refluks dengan mereaksikan D-glukosa monohidrat dan 1-dodecanol dengan perbandingan setara 1: 7 menggunakan PTSA 1% dari berat monohidrat D-glukosa pada 115 ° C selama 2,5 jam. Setelah menetralkan dan menguapkan, produk diarahkan untuk digunakan tanpa pemisahan. Senyawa yang disintesis masih dalam campuran yang mengandung zat antara APG C-4. Senyawa yang disintesis kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, UV-Vis, dan LC-MS, diikuti oleh evaluasi tegangan antarmuka (IFT) menggunakan metode drop-drop tensiometer. Senyawa yang disintesis memiliki nilai IFT terendah dan campuran APG C-12 yang disintesis dikenakan kemampuannya sebagai aplikasi EOR dengan menggunakan metode tekanan kapiler dengan n-heksana sebagai analog minyak mentah. Senyawa yang disintesis dari butanolisis dengan kelebihan 1-butanol dalam reaksi 110 ° C dan 6 jam mengungkapkan nilai IFT terendah 0,5777 mN/m pada kecepatan putaran 6000 rpm dan 0,1773 mN/m pada kecepatan putaran 3000 rpm, sedangkan campuran APG C -12 menunjukkan nilai IFT 0,0779 mN/m pada kecepatan putaran 6.000 rpm dan 0,1636 mN/m pada kecepatan putaran 3.000 rpm. Analisis EOR dari campuran APG C-4 dan APG C-12 menunjukkan bahwa kedua senyawa memiliki aktivitas yang baik untuk meningkatkan n-heksana sebagai analog minyak mentah.

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As the worlds largest producer of palm oil, Indonesia can utilize palm oil as a precursor to the synthesis of alkyl polyglycosides (APG) for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) applications. In this study, optimization of APG C-4 intermediate synthesis (butanolisis) uses an indirect method to maximize conversion to APG C-12 for EOR applications and APG C-12 synthesis using the direct method as a comparison is done. Optimization of synthesis between APG C-4 intermediate through indirect methods is carried out using reflux by reacting D-glucose monohydrate, 1-butanol with an equivalent ratio of 1: 8 and 8: 1, and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) 1% of D- weight of glucose monohydrate with various temperatures (80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 ° C) and various reaction times (1,5, 3, and 6 hours). Meanwhile, APG C-12 synthesis through the direct method is carried out using reflux by reacting D-glucose monohydrate and 1-dodecanol in an equivalent ratio of 1: 7 using 1% PTSA by weight of D-glucose monohydrate at 115 ° C for 2.5 hours. After neutralizing and evaporating, the product is directed to be used without separation. The synthesized compound is still in a mixture containing APG C-4 intermediates. The synthesized compound was then characterized using FTIR, UV-Vis, and LC-MS, followed by an evaluation of the interface voltage (IFT) using the tensiometer drop-drop method. The synthesized compound has the lowest IFT value and the APG C-12 mixture synthesized is subject to its ability as an EOR application using capillary pressure method with n-hexane as crude oil analog. The compounds synthesized from butanolysis with an excess of 1-butanol in the 110 ° C and 6 hour reactions revealed the lowest IFT values ​​of 0.5777 mN/m at 6000 rpm and 0.1773 mN/m at rotational speeds of 3000 rpm, while the APG C mixture -12 shows an IFT value of 0.0779 mN/m at a rotational speed of 6,000 rpm and 0.1636 mN/m at a rotational speed of 3,000 rpm. EOR analysis of the mixture of APG C-4 and APG C-12 showed that both compounds had good activity to increase n-hexane as crude oil analogues."

"Penggunaan nanopartikel magnetik Fe3O4 (MNPs) dalam proses Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) telah banyak dikembangkan karena MNPs dapat dengan mudah berdifusi dalam sumur reservoir minyak dan memberikan efek pickering emulsion dimana teknik ini biasa disebut dengan nanoflooding. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis nanopartikel magnetik Fe3O4 (MNPs) dan nanopartikel magnetik Fe3O4 yang tersalut oleh polimer temperatur sensitif Poli(N-isopropil akrilamida) (MNPs@PNIPAM) serta karakterisasinya untuk aplikasi EOR. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat sifat dari nanopartikel dan nanokomposit pada variasi temperatur reservoir dalam meningkatkan nilai pemulihan original oil in place (OOIP) dengan menggunakan metode sand pack. Hasil karakterisasi FTIR, NMR, XRD, TEM dan TGA menunjukkan MNPs berhasil tersalut oleh PNIPAM. Nanokomposit MNPs@PNIPAM berhasil menunjukkan perubahan sifat ketika berada pada temperatur di atas lower critical solution temperature (LCST) melalui karakterisasi Particle Size Analyzer dan Viskometer Brookfield. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa nanokomposit MNPs@PNIPAM memiliki nilai pemulihan OOIP paling besar pada temperatur 45°C yaitu sebesar 74,75% karena pada suhu tersebut nanokomposit MNPs@PNIPAM memperkuat ikatan antar polimer yang dapat meningkatkan nilai viskositas sehingga meningkatkan sweep efficiency minyakThe use of magnetic nanoparticles F3O4 (MNPs) on the process of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) has been widely developed because MNPs can easily diffuse in oil reservoir wells and provide pickering emultion effects where this technique is commonly called nanoflooding. In this research have been carried out the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles F3O4 (MNPs) and magnetic nanoparticles F3O4 have coated by temperature sensitive polymers of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (MNPs@PNIPAM) and its characterization for EOR applications. The aim is to see the properties of nanoparticles and nanocomposites in variations of reservoir temperature to increase the recovery value of original oil in place (OOIP) using the sand pack method. The results of FTIR, NMR, XRD, TEM, PSA, and TGA characterization showed that MNPs were successfully coated by PNIPAM. The nanocomposite MNPs@PNIPAM succeed to show changes in properties at above its LCST through characterization by particle size analyzer and brookfield viscometer. The application results show that the nanocomposite MNPs@PNIPAM has the highest OOIP recovery value at 45°C of 74.75% because nancomposite strengthen bonds between polymers which can increase the viscosity value thereby increasing sweep efficiency of oil and water."