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"Latar belakang : Skor PELOD-2 digunakan untuk mengetahui prognosis disfungsi organ pada anak sakit kritis. Hasil skor PELOD-2 terkadang tidak berbanding lurus dengan luaran perawatan sehingga tidak selalu dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor luaran pasien yang dirawat di PICU. Tujuan : Mengetahui profil dan luaran pasien sakit kritis yang dirawat di PICU RSCM berdasar skor PELOD-2. Metode : Penelitian retrospektif dengan mengambil data rekam medis pasien rawat di PICU RSCM, periode Januari-Desember 2018 secara total sampling. Penilaian skor PELOD-2 pada 24 jam pertama perawatan, komorbid dan luaran subjek dicatat dalam rekam medis. Hasil : Diperoleh 477 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria. Pasien sakit kritis yang dirawat di PICU RSCM sebagian besar berjenis kelamin laki (56,4%) dan berusia <1 tahun (27,9%), dengan bedah sebagai diagnosis terbanyak (65%). Sebagian besar pasien memiliki penyakit kronik (70,4%). Nilai median skor PELOD-2 2 untuk pasien hidup dan median skor 8 untuk pasien meninggal. Angka mortalitas adalah 10,7%. Sebagian besar subjek memiliki lama rawat <7 hari (75,5%). Subjek dengan lama rawat >14 hari memiliki median skor PELOD-2 tiga kali lipat dari subjek dengan lama rawat <7 hari. Subjek meninggal memiliki median skor PELOD-2 empat kali lipat lebih tinggi dari subjek hidup. Adanya luaran mortalitas dan lama rawat subjek yang tidak sesuai dengan skor PELOD-2 kemungkinan dipengaruhi oleh status nutrisi dan status imun. Titik potong mortalitas skor PELOD-2 pada penelitian ini adalah >5, dan titik potong mortalitas skor PELOD-2 pasien sepsis >7. Simpulan : Skor PELOD-2 dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi prognosis disfungsi organ yang mengancam kehidupan pada anak tanpa imunosupresi, semakin tinggi skor PELOD-2 akan diikuti peningkatan lama rawat dan mortalitas.

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Background: PELOD-2 score is stated can be used to discover prognosis of organ dysfunction in critically ill child. Sometimes PELOD-2 score does not always directly proportional to critically ill child s outcome, therefore sometimes can not be used as outcome and mortality predictor. Objective: To describe critically ill patient s profile and outcome of based on PELOD-2 score. Methods: This descriptive study was retrospective, conducted from January to December 2018 in PICU RSCM by total sampling. Evaluation of PELOD-2 score were performed in the first 24 hours. Subjects comorbid and outcome were stated in medical record. Results: There were 477 subjects that fulfilled the criteria. Most of the subjects were boys (56,4%) and under 1 year of age (27,9%) with surgical were the most common diagnosis (65%). Most of the subject have chronic illness as comorbid (70,4%). Median of PELOD-2 score were 2 for subjects that lived and 8 for subjects that died. Mortality rate is 10,7%. Most of the subjects were stayed in PICU for < 7 days (75,5%). Subjects with length of stay >14 days had median PELOD-2 score 3 times higher than the subjects with length of stay <7 days. Died subjects had median PELOD-2 score 4 times higher than the subjects that lived. The subjects mortality and length of stay that not in accordance with the PELOD-2 score may be influenced by subjects nutritional and immunity status. Mortality cut off point for PELOD-2 score in this study is >5. Mortality cut off point for PELOD-2 for subjects with sepsis is >7 Conclusion: PELOD-2 score is feasible to be used to predict life threatening organ dysfunction in critically ill children without immunosuppression, the higher the PELOD-2 score is equal to higher mortality and longer length of stay."

"Unit Perawatan Intensif (UPI) merupakan bagian rumah sakit yang berfungsi untuk melakukan perawatan pada pasien yang mengalami penyakit dengan potensi mengancam nyawa. Data menunjukkan angka mortalitas pasien UPI dewasa di seluruh dunia memiliki rerata sekitar 10-29%, sedangkan di RSCM berada di kisaran 28,63-33,56%. Keadaan tersebut membuat kemampuan memprediksi luaran mortalitas menjadi penting untuk menentukan perawatan yang tepat. Logistic Organ Dysfunction System (LODS) merupakan salah satu metode skoring yang dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi luaran mortalitas pasien, namun penelitian untuk menguji hal tersebut belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kemampuan skor LODS dalam memprediksi luaran mortalitas pasien dewasa UPI RSCM. Penelitian ini menggunakan 331 sampel data rekam medik pasien UPI RSCM, didapati hasil bahwa rerata pasien meninggal memiliki skor LODS yang lebih besar daripada pasien yang hidup, yaitu rerata 5,854 (median: 6) pada pasien meninggal, dan rerata 2,551 (median: 2) pada pasien yang hidup. Pada uji kalibrasi, didapati hasil Hosmer-Lemeshow test sebesar 0,524, yang menandakan hasil uji kalibrasi yang baik (>0,05). Sedangkan pada uji diskriminasi menggunakan kurva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), nilai Area Under the Curve (AUC) sebesar 79,2%, yang menandakan kemampuan diskriminasi dari skor LODS cukup (70-80%). Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa skor LODS dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu acuan dalam memprediksi luaran mortalitas pasien UPI RSCM.

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Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is the part of hospital that do the care for patients with disease that threaten their life. Data shows that the mortality rate in ICU in the whole world revolved aroung 10-29%, and in RSCM revolved around 28,63-33,56%. This condition makes the ability to predict mortality outcome become important to help decide the correct treatment. Logistic Organ Dysfunction System (LODS) is one of scoring method that is able to help predict patients mortality outcome, but there is still no study for this scoring method for adult patients in Indonesia. This study inteded to evaluate the ability of LODS scoring in predicting ICU RSCM patients mortality outcome. This study used 331 ICU RSCM patients as its samples, and the result shows that the mean LODS score of the patients that died is greater than the one that lives, the mean LODS score of the patients that died is 5,854 (median: 6), and the mean score of the patients that lives is 2,551 (median: 2). In calibration test using Hosmer-Lemeshow test, the result shows a good outcome that is 0,524 (P>0,05). While in discrimantion test using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, the Area Under the Curve (AUC) value is 79,2%, showing that the ability of LODS score to discriminate is sufficient. This results show that LOD score can be used as one of the refference to predict patients mortality outcome in ICU RSCM."

"Latar Belakang: Mortalitas pasien UPI lebih tinggi dari pasien rawat lainnya. Instrumen prediktor mortalitas pada pasien UPI dapat membantu untuk melakukan stratifikasi risiko dan pengambilan keputusan klinis dalam tatalaksana pasien. Skor LODS merupakan salah satu instrumen yang terbukti memiliki keunggulan dibandingkan intrumen prediktor yang saat ini digunakan di UPI RSCM. Meskipun demikian, komponen skor LODS membutuhkan pemeriksaan yang tidak murah sehingga sulit diaplikasikan terutama pada pasien tanpa jaminan kesehatan. Bersihan laktat merupakan alternatif yang lebih murah dan ditemukan memiliki kemampuan prediktor mortalitas yang baik pada penelitian sebelumnya.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan kemampuan prediktor bersihan laktat dengan skor LODS terhadap mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari pasien yang dirawat di UPI RSCM.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi kohort retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medis pasien UPI RSCM yang dirawat pada rentang Agustus 2015 – April 2018. Data yang di ambil berupa karakteristik, skor LODS hari pertama, laktat inisial, laktat 6-24 jam serta terjadi atau tidaknya mortalitas dalam 30 hari. Hubungan antara skor LODS dengan mortalitas dianalisis dengan regresi logistik sederhana, sementara hubungan antara bersihan laktat dan mortalitas dinilai dengan uji chi square. Kemampuan diskriminasi keduanya dinilai dengan analisis kurva ROC sementara kemampuan kalibrasi dinilai dengan uji goodness of fit Hosmer-Lemeshow. Kemampuan diagnostik dinilai dengan menghitung sensitivitas, spesifisitas, PPV, NPV, LR positif, serta LR negatif. Kemampuan diskriminasi, kalibrasi, serta diagnostik diantara skor LODS dan bersihan laktat kemudian dibandingkan.Hasil: Dari 388 subjek yang dianalisis, didapatkan bersihan laktat memiliki diskriminasi lemah (AUC 0,597), kalibrasi lemah (Uji Hosmer-Lemeshow p<0,001), sensitivitas 65% (IK95% 48,3% - 79,3%), spesifisitas 54,3% (IK95% 48,9% - 59,6%), PPV 14,1% (IK95% 11,2% - 17,4%), NPV 93,1% (IK95% 89,7% - 95,4%), LR positif 1,420 (IK95% 1,10 – 1,84), dan LR negatif 0,640 (IK95% 0,42 – 0,99), dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari di UPI RSCM. Sementara Skor LODS memiliki diskriminasi baik (AUC 0,79), kalibrasi baik (Uji Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0,818), sensitivitas 77,5% (IK95% 64,6% - 90,4%), spesifisitas 63,8% (IK95% 58,8% - 68,8%), PPV 19,7% (IK95% 13,4% - 25,9%), NPV 96,1% (IK95% 93,6% - 98,6%), LR positif 2,140 (IK95% 1,72 – 2,66), dan LR negatif 0,353 (IK95% 0,20 – 0,63), dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari di UPI RSCM.Kesimpulan: Performa bersihan laktat dari segi kemampuan diskriminasi, kalibrasi, atau diagnostik tidak lebih baik dari skor LODS dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari di UPI RSCM.

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Backgrounds: The mortality rate of ICU patients is higher than other inpatients. The mortality predicting tools of ICU patients can help a physician stratify the risk and make the clinical decision in patient management. The LODS score is one of the tools that has been proven better than predictor instruments currently used at RSCM ICU. However, the component of the LODS score requires an expensive examination, so it is difficult to apply, especially to patients without health insurance. Lactate clearance is a cheaper alternative and was found to have a good predictive ability of mortality in previous studies.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the predictor ability of LODS scores with lactate clearance on 30-days-patient-mortality treated at RSCM ICU.

Method: This was a cohort retrospective study using the medical records of RSCM ICU patients who were treated between August 2015 – April 2018. The data were demographic characteristics, first-day LODS score, initial lactate, lactate in 6-24 hours, and 30-days-patient-mortality. The relationship between LODS scores and mortality was analyzed with simple logistic regression, while the chi-square test assessed the relationship between lactate clearance and mortality. Discrimination ability was assessed by ROC curve analysis, while the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test assessed calibration ability. Diagnostic ability was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, positive LR, and negative LR. Discrimination, calibration, and diagnostic capabilities between LODS scores and lactate clearance were then compared between groups.

Results: From 388 subjects analyzed, lactate clearance was found to have weak discrimination (AUC 0.597), weak calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p<0.001), sensitivity 65% ​​(CI 95% 48.3% – 79.3%), specificity 54 ,3% (95% CI 48.9% – 59.6%), PPV 14.1% (95% CI 11.2% – 17.4%), NPV 93.1% (95% CI 89.7% – 95 0.4%), positive LR 1.420 (95% CI 1.10 – 1.84), and negative LR 0.640 (95% CI 0.42 – 0.99), in predicting patient mortality within 30 days at RSCM ICU. Meanwhile, the LODS score had good discrimination (AUC 0.79), good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p=0.818), sensitivity 77.5% (95% CI 64.6% – 90.4%), specificity 63.8% (95% CI 58.8% – 68.8%), PPV 19.7% (95% CI 13.4% – 25.9%), NPV 96.1% (95% CI 93.6% – 98.6%), positive LR 2.140 (95% CI 1.72 – 2.66), and negative LR 0.353 (95% CI 0.20 – 0.63), in predicting patient mortality within 30 days at RSCM ICU.

Conclusion: Lactate clearance performance in terms of discriminatory ability, calibration, or diagnostic performance was not better than the LODS score in predicting patient mortality within 30 days at RSCM ICU."

"Latar Belakang: Stratifikasi risiko dan prediksi prognosis pasien yang menjalani perawatan di Unit Perawatan intensif (UPI) merupakan hal yang penting dalam tatalaksana pasien UPI. Logistic Organ Dysfunction System (LODS) merupakan sistem penilaian disfungsi organ yang mencatat skor penilaian hanya dari kondisi fisiologis pasien. LODS dikembangkan untuk stratifikasi tingkat keparahan penyakit dan dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi mortalitas pasien di unit perawatan intensif (UPI).Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesahihan penilaian LODS dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien-pasien yang dirawat di UPI RSCM.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi kohort retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medis pasien yang dirawat di UPI RSCM Januari-Desember 2017. Dilakukan pencatatan skor LODS hari pertama perawatan UPI, selanjutnya dinilai kondisi pasien 30 hari, apakah pasien meninggal atau bertahan hidup. Prediksi mortalitas penilaian LODS didapat melalui regresi logistik sederhana. Kemampuan prediksi mortalitas LODS dilakukan dengan analisis diskriminasi dengan ROC untuk mencari nilai AUC, dan ketepatan prediksi mortalitas dilakukan dengan analisis kalibrasi uji goodness of fit Hosmer Lemeshow. Dilakukan analisis bivariat dilanjutkan dengan analisis multivariat dengan persamaan regresi logistik berganda untuk melihat variabel yang paling bermakna dalam prediksi mortalitas.Hasil: Dari 498 subjek yang dirawat di UPI RSCM, mayoritas pasien merupakan kasus bedah elektif, didapatkan LODS mempunyai nilai diskriminasi dan kalibrasi yang baik dengan AUC= 0,81 (IK95% 0,74-0,87) dan hasil uji Hosmer-Lemeshow kalibrasi p=0,94. Nilai titik potong ditetapkan pada nilai LODS=3, dimana sensitivitas 80,8%, spesifisitas 63,2%, PPV 20,4%, NPV 96,6%, likelihood ratio positif 2,2 dan likelihood ratio negatif 0,3. Variabel LODS yang secara statistik mempunyai pengaruh kuat terhadap mortalitas 30 hari adalah penggunaan ventilasi mekanik dan rasio PaO2/FiO2, kreatinin dan bilirubin, dengan rumus model akhir regresi logistik y= -3,877 + (3,339 x PaO2/FiO2 <150) + (2,226 x kreatinin 1,2-1,59mg/dL) + ( 1,384 x bilirubin >2 mg/dL) + (1,369 x PaO2/FiO2 >150) + (1,33 x kreatinin <1,2mg/dL).Simpulan: Sistem penilaian LODS hari pertama sahih dalam memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari pasien di UPI RSCM.

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Background : Risk stratification and prognosis prediction for ICU patients are essentials for medical management. Logistic Organ Dysfunction System (LODS) is a scoring system which objectively evaluate ICU patients’ physiological condition and can be used to determine organ severity stratification and to predict mortality.Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of LODS in predicting mortality of ICU patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM), Jakarta.Methods : We retrospectively reviewed medical records of ICU patients who were admitted in January-December 2017. We calculated LODS score from the first 24-hour ICU admission, and we recorded the patients’ outcome (mortality) in 30 days. Mortality prediction was calculated from simple logistic regression. The LODS performance was analyzed with Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) to evaluate area under the curve (AUC) for discrimination analysis, and the precision was analyzed with Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of fit. We evaluated bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression to determine the most significant variable as mortality predictor.Results: The majority case from 498 subjects admitted in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital were elective surgeries. LODS had a good discrimination and calibration, with AUC 0.81 (95% CI 0.74-0.87) and p = 0.94 with Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of fit test. Cut off LODS value was 3, with sensitivity 80.8%, specificity 63.2%, PPV 20.4%, NPV 96.6%, positive likelihood ratio 2.2, and negative likelihood ratio 0.3. Three variables were statististically significant in predicting 30 days mortality: mechanical ventilation and PaO2/FiO2, creatinine and bilirubin with final model equation y = -3,877 + (3,339 x PaO2/FiO2 <150) + (2,226 x kreatinin 1,2-1,59 mg/dL) + ( 1,384 x bilirubin >2 mg/dL) + (1,369 x PaO2/FiO2 >150) + (1,33 x kreatinin <1,2mg/dL).Conclusion: First day LODS score is valid in predicting 30 days mortality of ICU patients in RSCM"

"Latar belakang: Cedera gastrointestinal akut seringkali terjadi secara sekunder terhadap penyakit kritis, namun penilaiannya tidak rutin dilaksanakan. Penilaian gagal organ pada pasien anak yang banyak digunakan di Indonesia adalah skor PELOD-2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara derajat cedera gastrointestinal akut dengan gagal organ yang dinilai berdasarkan skor PELOD-2 pada pasien anak sakit kritis.Metode: Studi potong lintang dengan data sekunder dari rekam medik pasien anak dengan cedera gastrointestinal akut di PICU RSCM dari bulan September 2019-September 2020. Derajat cedera gastrointestinal akut dinilai menggunakan kriteria AGI grading system, sedangkan gagal organ dinilai menggunakan skor PELOD-2. Uji statistic Chi Square, Kruskal Wallis dan Mann-Whitney dilakukan menggunakan aplikasi SPSS IBM versi 20.Hasil: Didapatkan 25 sampel dengan median skor PELOD-2 pada derajat satu sebesar 1 (0-5), dua sebesar 1 (0-9), tiga sebesar 9 (n=1), dan empat sebesar 9 (7-11). Hasil Uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik (P= 0,004) dan terdapat peningkatan skor PELOD-2 pada derajat yang lebih tinggi. Selain itu hasil uji Chi Square menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara derajat cedera gastrointestinal akut dengan mortalitas pasien (P= 0,014).Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara derajat cedera gastrointestinal akut dengan skor PELOD-2 dan luaran mortalitas pada pasien anak sakit kritis.

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Background: Acute gastrointestinal injury can be secondary to critical illness, however it is not often assessed. The instrument used to assess organ dysfunction in children is Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction-2 (PELOD-2) Score. This study aims to explain association between AGI grade and organ dysfunction using PELOD-2 in critically ill pediatric patients.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data collected from medical records of pediatric patients with AGI in PICU of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, starting from September 2019 to 2020. Patients were classified based on AGI grade. The severity of organ dysfunction was measured using PELOD-2. Data were analysed with Chi Square, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test using SPSS IBM version 20.

Results: From 25 included pediatric patients, median of PELOD-2 score in AGI grade 1, 2, 3 were 1, 1, 9 respectively. There is only one sample of AGI grade 3, therefore the median of PELOD-2 score cannot be calculated.. Kurskal-Wallis test showed significant association (P: 0.004) with higher PELOD-2 score in more severe AGI grade. Chi Square test also showed significant association (P= 0,014) with higher mortality rate in more sever AGI grade.

Conclusion: There is significant association between AGI grade with PELOD-2 score and mortality rate in critically ill pediatric patients"

"This book is unique in approaching multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) from the perspective of its pathophysiological mechanism, and addressing aspects that are overlooked in most of the available literature. Eminent experts in the field from Europe and beyond offer new insights into risk stratification, severity assessment, and management of critically ill patients with sepsis. The principal focus is on recently developed concepts in infection management and in antibiotic use, bearing in mind that in these patients the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics are altered, affecting renal clearance and requiring dosage adjustments. The significance of the PIRO (predisposing factors, infection, response, organ dysfunction) model in the development of effective treatment strategies is emphasized. "