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"Kombinasi TiO2 dan PalmPAS sebagai detergen yang stabil untuk mengangkat dan mendegradasi kotoran berupa methylene blue serta menghasilkan limbah hasil pencucian dengan PalmPAS pada air sadah telah dilakukan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memvariasikan komposisi PalmPAS dan TiO2 dengan pengaturan pH dan proses sonikasi. Semua variasi yang dibuat menunjukkan kestabilan yang baik. Laju pengendapan TiO2 dalam detergen dibawah 1% selama 3 jam dan penurunan konsentrasi PalmPAS dibawah 2 % selama 14 hari. Komposisi optimum yang didapat adalah 0.1% TiO2-0.4% PalmPAS dengan pengangkatan kotoran sebesar 82% dan degradasi kotoran sebesar 92%. Pengujian pada air sadah dengan konsentrasi ion Ca2+ 20-60 ppm menyebabkan penurunan penangkatan kotoran sebesar 20-51% dan penurunan degradasi kotoran sebesar 33-43%.

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Combination of TiO2 and PalmPAS as a stable detergent to remove and degradate methylene blue as dirt and produce a clean waste with minimum concentration of PalmPAS has been investigated. The research varies PalmPAS dan TiO2 concentration with pH adjustment and sonication process. All the variation exhibits good stability. Precipitation rate of TiO2 is below 1% after 3 hours preparation and the decrease in PalmPAS concentration is below2% after 14 days preparation. 0,1% TiO2-0,4% PalmPAS shows the most optimum concentration that have detergency up to 82% of the dirt and degrade 92% of the dirt. Detergent performance in hardness water with ion Ca2+ concentration from 20 to 60 ppm decreases the detergency of dirt by 20-51% and also decrease the dirt degradation by 33-43%."

"ABSTRAKPengembangan deterjen cair ramah lingkungan berbasis titania, surfaktan nabati, dan zeolit 4A telah dilakukan. Prinsip kerja deterjen tersebut adalah pengangkatan kotoran oleh surfaktan nabati, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan fotodegradasi katalitik terhadap air buangan cucian oleh titania. Adapun penambahan zeolit 4A berperan untuk meningkatkan kinerja deterjen dalam air sadah (builder). Produk deterjen yang dihasilkan adalah berbentuk cair, sehingga ditambahkan carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) sebagai pengental dan penstabil deterjen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa deterjen non-konsentrat dengan rasio konsentrasi titania 0,1% dan surfaktan palmPAS 0,7% memiliki kemampuan mengangkat kotoran (methylene blue) sebesar 89%, dan kandungan surfaktan sisa pencucian menurun hingga 14%. Komposisi optimal deterjen konsentrat untuk pencucian dengan air non-sadah adalah 1% TiO2, 7% palmPAS, 2% CMC, dan 90% air dengan kemampuan mengangkat kotoran lebih dari 50% pada beban pencucian 2 kali deterjen non-konsentrat. Adapun komposisi optimal deterjen konsentrat untuk pencucian dengan air sadah maksimum 100 ppm Ca2+ adalah 1% TiO2, 7% palmPAS, 2% CMC, 2% zeolit, dan 88% air dengan kemampuan mengangkat kotoran sebesar 35% pada beban pencucian 2 kali deterjen non-konsentrat.

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ABSTRACTThis study has further investigated the development of eco-friendly liquid detergent using titania, natural-based surfactant, and 4A zeolite. The principle of the detergents is the dirt removal by natural-based surfactant, followed by catalytic photodegradation of the laundry?s waste water by titania. The addition of zeolite improves the detergent performance in hard water (builder). As the detergent format is liquid, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) was added as the thickener and the detergent?s stabilizer. Research showed that non concentrated detergent with 0,1%Titania-0,7%palmPAS surfactant ratio was able to remove 89% of dirt (methylene blue) together with 14% reduction of the residual surfactants. The optimize condition for concentrated detergent washed with non-hard water is 1% TiO2, 7% palmPAS, 2% CMC, and 90% water. It was able remove more than 50% of dirt for 2 times detergent non-concentrated washing. While the optimize condition for concentrated detergent washed with maximum 100 ppm Ca2+ hard water is 1% TiO2, 7% palmPAS, 2% CMC, 2% zeolite, and 88% water. It was able remove 35% of dirt for 2 times detergent non-concentrated washing."

"ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a solochemical method using zinc chloride as the precursor in a sodium hydroxide solution with ZnCl2:NaOH ratios of 1:2 and 1:3. The effects of the thermal treatment on the functionalities of the nanoparticles were investigated by comparing calcined ZnO with uncalcined ZnO. Calcined ZnO underwent a drying process at 120°C, followed by calcination at 500°C, while uncalcined ZnO underwent the drying process only. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD and FESEM-EDX analysis. The photoactivity of synthesized ZnO was evaluated through methylene blue degradation. In addition, ZnO nanofluids were synthesized by dispersing nanoparticles into the base fluid. The nanofluidic stability in the presence of a Palm Oil-Based Primary Alkyl Sulphate (palmPAS) surfactant were investigated using a spectrophotometer UV-vis with varied PalmPAS concentrations. XRD and FESEM analysis showed that the nanoparticles exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and confirmed that the particle size increased on calcination. All the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles exhibited good photoactivity under UV light irradiation due, to some extent, to their good crystallinity. The calcined ZnO from the ZnCl2:NaOH ratio of 1:3 offered the best photocatalytic performance compared to its ZnO counterparts. It was also found that the nanofluids of uncalcined ZnO from the ZnCl2:NaOH ratio of 1:3, at a ZnO:palmPAS ratio of 1:9, offered the best stability."