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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini membahas mengenai usaha penghentian konflik etnis di Darfur, Sudan melalui peacekeeping operation yang dilakukan oleh PBB selama tahun 2004 hingga 2008. Langkah-langkah yang diambil oleh PBB sebagai pihak ketiga yang mengintervensi konflik dengan melakukan peacekeeping operation serta bekerjasama dengan Uni Afrika. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa PBB sebaiknya menyusun mandat peacekeeping operation secara menyeluruh yang meliputi masa terjadinya konflik serta masa paska-konflik dan melakukan perubahan-perubahan mendasar pada badan organisasi PBB sendiri.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis is focused on the attempt to stop the Darfur Conflict, Sudan through peacekeeping operation led by the United Nations from year 2004 until 2008. The steps taken by UN as a third-party who interfere the conflict by doing the peacekeeping operation, and also cooperate with the African Union. The result of this study shows that the United Nations should form mandate(s) of a peacekeeping operation thoroughly which include the time of ongoing conflict and post-conflict and also reconstruct the body of the organization itself.

Abstrak :
Summary "Do States, through their military forces, have legal obligations under human rights treaties towards the local civilian population during UN-mandated peace operations? It is frequently claimed that it is unrealistic to require compliance with human rights treaties in peace operations and this has led to an unwillingness to hold States accountable for human rights violations. In this book, Kjetil Larsen criticises this position by addressing the arguments against the applicability of human rights treaties and demonstrating that compliance with the treaties is unrealistic only if one takes an 'all or nothing' approach to them. He outlines a coherent and more flexible approach which distinguishes clearly between positive and negative obligations and makes treaty compliance more realistic. His proposals for the application of human rights treaties would also strengthen the legal framework for human rights protection in peace operations without posing any unrealistic obligations on the military forces"-- Provided by publisher. Contents Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction and overview; 2. The emerging relevance of human rights law in UN-mandated peace operations; 3. The other side of the coin: the alleged inappropriateness of applying human rights treaties in UN-mandated peace operations; 4. The argument of non-applicability ratione personae; 5. The argument of non-applicability ratione loci; 6. The applicability of human rights law during armed conflicts; 7. Derogations; 8. Norm conflicts between UN Security Council mandates and human rights treaties; 9. Legal challenges relating to the interrelationship between troop contributing states; 10. Selected issues relating to the application of substantive provisions; 11. Conclusions.

Abstrak :
Indonesia termasuk negara yang menyumbang personil TNI sebagai pasukan pemeliharaan perdamaian PBB yang dikenal dengan sebutan the blue helmet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk menganalisis kualitas tahapan rekrutmen dan seleksi personil Tentara Nasional Indonesia yang bertugas untuk Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA). Menggunakan pendekatan post positivism dengan metode penelitian mixed method, hasil analisis menunjukkan perlunya upaya peningkatan kualitas tahapan rekrutmen dan seleksi personil TNI yang terdiri dari identifikasi kebutuhan, pencarian kandidat, penyaringan kandidat potensial, dan wawancara seleksi. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas dari proses tahapan rekrutmen dan seleksi, perlunya perhatian khusus pada sejumlah faktor kunci keberhasilan baik dilihat dari perspektif pemberi kerja maupun perspektif kandidat. ......Indonesia is a country that contributes TNI personnel as a UN peacekeeping force known as the blue helmet. This study aims to analyze the quality of the stages of recruitment and selection of Indonesian National Army personnel assigned to the Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA). Using a post positivism approach with a mixed method research method, the results of the analysis show the need to improve the quality of the recruitment and selection stages of TNI personnel, which consists of identifying needs, searching for candidates, screening potential candidates, and selecting interviews. To improve the quality of the recruitment and selection process, it is necessary to pay special attention to a number of key success factors, both from the perspective of the employer and the perspective of the candidate.

Abstrak :
As peacekeeping has evolved to encompass a broader humanitarian approach, women personels have become increasingly part of the peacekeeping family.The UN has called for more deployment of female peacekeepers to enhance the overall “holistic” approach to current UN peacekeeping operations. There is clearly more work to be done to integrate more female peacekeepers into UN missions. More skilled and trained female peacekeepers can only be an asset to future peacekeeping operations.In October 2000, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. The resolution was hailed as a landmark resolution in that for the fi¬rst time, the Security Council recognised the contribution women make during and post-conflict. Since the adoption of Resolution 1325, attention to gender perspectives within the international peace agenda has ¬firmly been placed within the broader peace and security framework. This article explains the development of Indonesian female peacekeepers contribution in the period of 2009-20016 and argues why Indonesia needs to support and to consider deploying more female peacekeepers in UN peacekeeping operations.

Abstrak :
Misi Pemeliharaan Perdamaian mengalami evolusi yang meliputi pendekatan kemanusiaan yang lebih luas, personel wanita semakin meningkat menjadi bagian dari keluarga misi pemeliharaan perdamaian.PBB telah meminta lebih banyak penggelaran female peacekeepers guna memperkuat pendekatan “holistik” secara keseluruhan terhadap operasi-operasi pemeliharaan perdamaian PBB saat ini.Banyak yang harus dilakukan dalam mengintegrasikan lebih banyak female peacekeepers kedalam misi-misi PBB. Lebih banyak female peacekeepers yang terlatih akan menjadi aset bagi masa depan operasi-operasi pemeliharaan perdamaian.Pada bulan Oktober 2000 Dewan Keamanan PBB telah menetapkan Resolusi 1325 mengenai Wanita, Perdamaian dan Keamanan. Resolusi tersebut dipandang sebagai resolusi landmark dimana pertama kali, Dewan Keamanan mengakui kontribusi wanita selama dan pasca konflik. Sejak ditetapkannya Resolusi 1325 tersebut, perhatian terhadap perspektif gender dalam agenda perdamaian internasional telah jelas ditempatkan dalam kerangka keamanan dan perdamaian yang lebih luas. Artikel ini menjelaskan peningkatan kontribusi jumlah personel female peacekeepers Indonesia pada periode 2009-2016 dan membahas mengapa Indonesia perlu mendukung dan mempertimbangkan mengirimkan lebih banyak female peacekeepers dalam operasi-operasi pemeliharaan perdamaian PBB.

Abstrak :
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa female peacekeepers dan keterlibatan negara-negara Uni Eropa dan agenda misi perdamaian dunia dalam prespektif kemanan dan politik. Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB (UNSCR) 1325 tentang Perempuan, Perdamaian dan Keamanan (WPS) yang minim kontribusi. Tujuan dari agenda WPS salah satunya adalah memperhatikan keterwakilan female peacekeepers dalam perdamaian dan keamanan, termasuk dalam operasi perdamaian multilateral Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif dengan sumber data skunder yang diambil dari referensi dan literatur yang berhubungan dengan konsep peacekeeping force dengan Teori collective security. Berdasarkan data yang didapat melihat lima negara zero contribution pada female peacekeepers menandakan bahwa apa yang dimandatkan belum dapat terlaksana, dengan melihat faktor-faktor yang salah satunya kontribusi peacekeeping force 5 negara terendah tersebut juga minim dalam kontribusi pengiriman peacekeeping force hasil dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa negara-negara anggota Uni Eropa di dalam negerinya masih memerlukan pembentukan dan juga belum tercapainya pemenuhan pasukan dalam negeri, sehingga baik Polisi, Militer maupun Sipil tidak dapat sepenuhnya ikut dikirimkan dalam misi PBB sendiri. ......The purpose of this study is to analyze the female peacekeepers and the involvement of EU countries and the agenda of world peace missions in a security and political perspective. UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (WPS) is of little contribution. One of the objectives of the WPS agenda is to pay attention to the representation of female peacekeepers in peace and security, including in multilateral peace operations This research uses a qualitative approach method with skunder data sources taken from references and literature related to the concept of peacekeeping force with the theory of collective security . Based on the data obtained, looking at the five zero contribution countries in female peacekeepers indicates that what is mandated has not been able to be carried out, by looking at factors, one of which is the contribution of the peacekeeping force of the 5 lowest countries is also minimal in the contribution of peacekeeping force delivery The results of this study found that the european union member states in their country still need the formation and also have not achieved the fulfillment of domestic forces, so that neither the Police, Military nor Civilian can fully participate in the UN mission itself.

Abstrak :
Isu penjaga perdamaian merupakan isu yang dianggap sensitif oleh negara-negara anggota ASEAN. Sensitivitas isu tersebut disebabkan oleh adopsi norma non-interferensi dalam hubungan antar-negara di Asia Tenggara. Sensitivitas tersebut juga mengakibatkan kerja sama penjaga perdamaian kurang dieksplorasi. Pada tahun 2011, Indonesia menginisiasi pembentukan ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network sebagai kerja sama penjaga perdamaian yang bersifat kolaboratif. Inisiasi tersebut cukup berlawanan dengan sensitivitas regional terhadap isu penjaga perdamaian. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini membahas mengenai faktor yang melatarbelakangi inisiasi Indonesia dalam mendorong pembentukan ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian kualitatif. Untuk menjawab permasalahan, penelitian ini menggunakan teori peran oleh K.J Holsti. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa inisiasi Indonesia dalam mendorong pembentukan ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network merupakan performa peran Indonesia sebagai pemimpin regional, khususnya dalam bidang penjaga perdamaian. Kepemimpinan ini terbentuk karena dua faktor. Pertama, konsepsi peran nasional yang merupakan persepsi dari para perumus kebijakan luar negeri. Kedua, preskripsi peran alter yang merupakan sistem internasional di tingkat Asia Tenggara. ......Peacekeeping is an issue that is considered sensitive by the ASEAN member states. The sensitivity of the issue is caused by the adoption of non-interference norm in interstate relations in Southeast Asia. This sensitivity also resulted in less exploration of peacekeeping cooperation. In 2011, Indonesia initiated the establishment of the ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network as a collaborative peacekeeping partnership. This initiative is quite contrary to regional sensitivity towards peacekeeping issues. Therefore, this research discusses the factors behind Indonesia’s initiation in encouraging the establishment of ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network. This research uses a qualitative research methodology. To answer this problem, this research uses role theory by K.J Holsti. This research argues that Indonesia’s initiation in encouraging the establishment of the ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network is Indonesia’s role performance as a regional leader, especially in the field of peacekeeping. This leadership is formed due to two factors. Firstly, the national role conception which is the perception of foreign policy makers. Secondly, alter’s role prescription which is the international system at the Southeast Asian level.

Abstrak :
Operasi pemeliharaan perdamaian (peacekeeping operation) atau PKO oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa lahir pada 1948 dengan nama United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) di Timur Tengah untuk mengawasi kesepakatan gencatan senjata antara Israel dan negara-negara Arab. Sejak saat itu, misi pemeliharaan perdamaian terus berkembang dari bentukan/model tradisional menjadi lebih kokoh dan multidimensional seperti sekarang. Dunia akademik kemudian menaruh perhatian pada efektivitas operasi pemeliharaan perdamaian sebagai instrumen manajemen konflik internasional. Terdapat sejumlah literatur akademik yang mengkritisi apakah mandat tersebut benar-benar memiliki dampak atau kontribusi positif dalam melindungi warga sipil, mencegah konflik berulang, menegakkan hak asasi manusia, dan tanggung jawab lain yang ditugaskan pada operasi tersebut. Kajian literatur ini berusaha memetakan ragam argumen/pendapat dari berbagai kelompok pemikiran yang mengkritisi efektivitas PKO melalui metode taksonomi dengan mengklasifikasikan perdebatan argumen ke dalam tiga kategori: (1) standar efektivitas PKO; (2) syarat keberhasilan PKO; dan (3) penyebab keberhasilan PKO dalam perspektif Hubungan Internasional. Masing-masing komponen dari tiga kategori besar tersebut merefleksikan karakter yang berbeda dikelompokkan ke tiga tingkat pemahaman: teoretis, politis, dan praktis/operasional. Berdasarkan sejumlah literatur yang sudah dikaji, tulisan ini menemukan bahwa sewajarnya PKO dapat diklaim efektif/berhasil di standar-standar tertentu, tetapi gagal di standar lainnya. Untuk memenuhi keberhasilan di satu standar, PKO dapat melanggar atau mengabaikan standar lain, dan hal ini berpengaruh pada strategi/faktor penyebab keberhasilan yang dipilih untuk memenuhi standar yang diprioritaskan. Kritik yang mengasumsikan PKO sebagai instrumen yang efektif atau tidak efektif menurut tulisan ini kurang tepat mengingat beragam standar yang disematkan pada misi tersebut. ...... United Nations Peacekeeping Operation (PKO) began in 1948 under the title of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in the Middle East to monitor the armistice agreement between Israel and Arab countries. Since then, the peacekeeping mission has continued to transform from the traditional model to be more robust and multidimensional, in its approach, as it continues to be. In the academic domain, major attention has been given to the effectiveness of peacekeeping operation as international conflict management instrument. There is a large number of academic literatures that criticize whether the mandate, in all conscience, has a positive effect or contribution in protecting civilians, preventing conflicts, promoting human rights, and other responsibilities assigned to the operation. This study seeks to map a variety of arguments/opinions from diverse group of perspectives that criticize the effectiveness of peacekeeping operation using taxonomy by classifying those arguments into three categories: (1) standards of peacekeeping effectiveness; (2) requirements for peacekeeping success; and (3) success factors of peacekeeping through the lenses of IR perspectives. Each component of the three major categories reflects different characteristic and is grouped into three levels of understanding: theoretical, political, and practical/operational. Based on the literatures that have been carefully reviewed, this paper finds that it is fair to claim peacekeeping operation to be effective at certain standards, but ineffective at the others. To successfully complete one standard, peacekeeping could violate or ignore other standards, and consequently affecting the strategy or success factors chosen to meet the priority standards. The binary assumptions evaluating peacekeeping as simply effective or ineffective, according to this paper, is improper considering the variety of standards attached to the mission.