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"Dalam melibatkan bisnis internasional, ada kerumitan tambahan dalam pembelaan hukum, sehingga kontrak harus dibuat dengan mempertimbangkan negara asal mitra serta paparan mereka terhadap risiko. Dalam kasus Bionic, perusahaan melakukan kesalahan dalam transaksi internasional berskala besar melalui perjanjian non-kontrak (word of mouth agreement). Karena itu, perusahaan menghadapi risiko yang belum dicegah dalam kontrak sehingga perusahaan tersebut mengalami kerugian yang tidak terbatasi. Makalah ini menekankan pentingnya kontrak hukum dan memastikannya semua risiko yang terekspos tercakup dalam setiap klausa.In engaging international business, there is added complexity in legal defense, such that contracts must be made in lieu of counterpart`s country of origins as well as their exposure to risks. In the case of Bionic, the company made mistakes during their engagement into large-scale international transaction by way of non-contractual agreement (word of mouth). As such, company faced risks that it could not mitigate the damages against and is therefore financially suffering for it. This paper stresses the importance of legal contract and making sure all risks exposed are covered within each clause, an issue that is increasingly prominent with the rising trend of globalization."

"Dalil Exceptio Non Adimpleti Contractus merupakan dalil pembelaan debitur yang didalilkan wanprestasi oleh kreditur dengan dasar kreditur juga dianggap telah lalai menjalankan kewajibannya. Skripsi ini membahas dan menjelaskan bagaimana sejarah hukum dari dalil tersebut dan perbandingan peraturannya antara negara Indonesia dan negara Belanda serta penerapannya saat ini di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis-normatif menggunakan data sekunder.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalil tersebut ditemukan oleh Romawi dan dikembangkan oleh Canonist, serta pada zaman Hukum Perancis dan Hukum Belanda dalil ini sudah diatur didalam aturan yang berlaku saat itu. Dalam penerapannya saat ini, Indonesia masih menerapkan dalil tersebut sebagai suatu dasar hukum berupa yurisprudensi, namun tidak diatur lebih jelas selain diatur di dalam Pasal 1478 KUHPerdata.

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Exceptio Non Adimpleti Contractus is a defense argument that argued by the debtor who is declared by the creditor that they have breach the contract, assuming that the creditor is also absentminded. This thesis discuss about the legal history of the defense argument, its regulation comparison between Indonesia and Netherland and its current application in Indonesia. This research method is the normative-juridical using secondary data.

The results shows that the argument was discovered by the Romans and developed by the Canonists, in the days of French and Dutch law this argument has been applied in their regulations. In practice today, the argument is still applicable in Indonesia as a legal basis in the form of jurisprudence, but it is only regulated in the Article 1478 of the Civil Code."

"ABSTRACTSebagai negara yang menganut sistem hukum civil law, perbuatan melawan hukum merupakan salah satu dasar pengajuan gugatan di pengadilan di Indonesia. Perbuatan melawan hukum dalam sistem hukum common law dikenal dengan istilah tort, yang memiliki beragam bentuk serta pembelaan atas tort. Salah satu bentuk pembelaan tort adalah doktrin contributory negligence, yang biasa digunakan tergugat apabila penggugat memiliki kontribusi terhadap kerugian yang dideritanya sehingga melarang segala bentuk ganti rugi bagi penggugat. Skripsi ini menggambarkan kedudukan doktrin contributory negligence dalam konsep perbuatan melawan hukum melalui beberapa putusan pengadilan di Indonesia dan melihat bentuk pertanggung jawaban perdata antara pelaku dan korban sebagai implementasi dari doktrin contributory negligence. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan deskriptif komparatif. Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan untuk mengupayakan pengaturan bagi hukum di Indonesia terhadap korban yang berkontribusi atas kerugian yang timbul, sebagaimana tort memperkenalkan doktrin contributory negligence untuk diterapkan sebagai pembelaan tergugat.

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ABSTRACTAs a country that adhere civil law system, unlawful act is one of the two ways to file a claim in Indonesian courts. It rsquo s also called tort in common law system, which have various forms along with its defences. One of tort rsquo s defences is contributory negligence doctrine, commonly used by defendants if plaintiff has contributed to their own damage they will be excluded from having any form of recovery and compensation. This study describes role of contributory negligence doctrine in some of Indonesia rsquo s court rulings and identify its liability between defendant and plaintiff as its implementation. This study is normative, descriptive and comparative research. The outcome of this study indicates that victim rsquo s contribution to the injury should be considered by Indonesian law system, as tort utilizes contributory negligence doctrine to deliver defendant rsquo s form of defence."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai tinjauan hukum internasional atas konflik bersenjata, dengan studi kasus konflik bersenjata antara Rusia dan Ukraina. Piagam PBB melalui Pasal 2 ayat (4) mengatur bahwa seluruh negara dilarang untuk mengancam atau menggunakan kekuatan terhadap keutuhan wilayah atau kemerdekaan negara lain atau dengan cara lainnya yang tidak sesuai dengan tujuan dari PBB. Dalam hukum internasional larangan tersebut tidak bersifat mutlak dan dikecualikan dalam keadaan-keadaan tertentu. Pada tanggal 24 Februari 2022, Presiden Rusia mengumumkan ‘special military operation’ di Ukraina dan memerintahkan pasukan militer Rusia untuk memasuki wilayah Ukraina. Tindakan yang dilakukan oleh Rusia telah melibatkan penggunaan kekuatan sebagaimana dilarang dalam Piagam PBB. Penggunaan kekuatan oleh Rusia dapat sah apabila tindakan tersebut sesuai dengan bentuk pengecualian atas larangan penggunaan kekuatan dalam hukum internasional. Dengan mengacu pada berbagai sumber hukum internasional, penelitian skripsi ini akan membahas bagaimana hukum internasional mengatur larangan penggunaan kekuatan, bagaimana aturan tersebut diterapkan dalam kasus operasi militer khusus Rusia di Ukraina, serta bagaimana legalitas dari operasi militer khusus oleh Rusia di Ukraina menurut hukum internasional. Berdasarkan penelitian hukum normatif yang dilakukan, ditemukan kesimpulan bahwa penggunaan kekuatan oleh Rusia di Ukraina dalam bentuk operasi militer khusus tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan hukum internasional dan Rusia telah melanggar ketentuan Pasal 2 ayat (4) Piagam PBB.

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This thesis discusses the review of international law on armed conflict, with a case study of the armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The UN Charter through Article 2 paragraph (4) stipulates that all countries are prohibited from threatening or using force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. Under international law, this prohibition is not absolute and is excluded in certain circumstances. On February 24, 2022, the President of Russia announced a ‘special military operation’ in Ukraine and ordered Russian military forces to enter Ukrainian territory. The actions taken by Russia have involved the use of force as prohibited in the UN Charter. The use of force by Russia can be legal if the action is in accordance with the exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force in international law. With reference to various sources of international law, this thesis research will discuss how international law regulates the prohibition of the use of force, how these rules are applied in the case of a special Russian military operation in Ukraine, and how the legality of a special military operation by Russia in Ukraine according to international law. Based on the normative legal research conducted, it was concluded that the use of force by Russia in Ukraine in the form of a special military operation was not in accordance with the provisions of international law and Russia had violated the provisions of Article 2 paragraph (4) of the UN Charter."

"[Penelitian ini membahas pembelaan majalah Sabili terhadap permasalahan umat Islam di Palestina. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode sejarah, dan menggunakan bantuan teknik analisis wacana. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memahami pandangan Sabili sebagai pers Islam illegal pada masa Orde Baru terhadap permasalahan umat Islam di Palestina. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa pembelaan yang dilakukan Sabili terhadap Palestina adalah karena adanya prinsip solidaritas Islam. Adanya Masjid Al-Aqsha yang merupakan kiblat pertama umat Islam di wilayah Yerussalem, Palestina, juga membuat Sabili melakukan pembelaan terhadap perjuangan pembebasan Palestina, sebab Sabili memandang bahwa masalah Palestina merupakan masalah aqidah yang harus diperjuangkan oleh seluruh umat Islam. Analisis terhadap berita-berita dalam Sabili 1989-1993 menghasilkan temuan bahwa pembelaan Sabili terhadap Palestina menunjukan keberpihakan Sabili kepada Hamas dan kebencian Sabili terhadap Israel dan Amerika Serikat.;This research discusses Sabili as Islamic magazine on 1989-1993 in defense the problems of Muslims in Palestine. This research is qualitative descriptive and use assistance of text analysis technique. The purpose of this research is to understand the views of Sabili as illegal Islamic press in the New Order to the problems of Muslims in Palestine. The researcher suggests that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians is due to the principle of Islamic solidarity. The existence of the Al-Aqsha Mosque which is the first Qibla of Muslims in the region of Jerusalem, Palestine, also makes Sabili to defend the liberation struggle of Palestinian Muslims. Analysis on the news in Sabili 1989-1993 resulted in the finding that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians shows alignments Sabili to Hamas and Sabili hatred against Israel and the United States.;This research discusses Sabili as Islamic magazine on 1989-1993 in defense the problems of Muslims in Palestine. This research is qualitative descriptive and use assistance of text analysis technique. The purpose of this research is to understand the views of Sabili as illegal Islamic press in the New Order to the problems of Muslims in Palestine. The researcher suggests that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians is due to the principle of Islamic solidarity. The existence of the Al-Aqsha Mosque which is the first Qibla of Muslims in the region of Jerusalem, Palestine, also makes Sabili to defend the liberation struggle of Palestinian Muslims. Analysis on the news in Sabili 1989-1993 resulted in the finding that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians shows alignments Sabili to Hamas and Sabili hatred against Israel and the United States.;This research discusses Sabili as Islamic magazine on 1989-1993 in defense the problems of Muslims in Palestine. This research is qualitative descriptive and use assistance of text analysis technique. The purpose of this research is to understand the views of Sabili as illegal Islamic press in the New Order to the problems of Muslims in Palestine. The researcher suggests that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians is due to the principle of Islamic solidarity. The existence of the Al-Aqsha Mosque which is the first Qibla of Muslims in the region of Jerusalem, Palestine, also makes Sabili to defend the liberation struggle of Palestinian Muslims. Analysis on the news in Sabili 1989-1993 resulted in the finding that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians shows alignments Sabili to Hamas and Sabili hatred against Israel and the United States.;This research discusses Sabili as Islamic magazine on 1989-1993 in defense the problems of Muslims in Palestine. This research is qualitative descriptive and use assistance of text analysis technique. The purpose of this research is to understand the views of Sabili as illegal Islamic press in the New Order to the problems of Muslims in Palestine. The researcher suggests that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians is due to the principle of Islamic solidarity. The existence of the Al-Aqsha Mosque which is the first Qibla of Muslims in the region of Jerusalem, Palestine, also makes Sabili to defend the liberation struggle of Palestinian Muslims. Analysis on the news in Sabili 1989-1993 resulted in the finding that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians shows alignments Sabili to Hamas and Sabili hatred against Israel and the United States.;This research discusses Sabili as Islamic magazine on 1989-1993 in defense the problems of Muslims in Palestine. This research is qualitative descriptive and use assistance of text analysis technique. The purpose of this research is to understand the views of Sabili as illegal Islamic press in the New Order to the problems of Muslims in Palestine. The researcher suggests that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians is due to the principle of Islamic solidarity. The existence of the Al-Aqsha Mosque which is the first Qibla of Muslims in the region of Jerusalem, Palestine, also makes Sabili to defend the liberation struggle of Palestinian Muslims. Analysis on the news in Sabili 1989-1993 resulted in the finding that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians shows alignments Sabili to Hamas and Sabili hatred against Israel and the United States.;This research discusses Sabili as Islamic magazine on 1989-1993 in defense the problems of Muslims in Palestine. This research is qualitative descriptive and use assistance of text analysis technique. The purpose of this research is to understand the views of Sabili as illegal Islamic press in the New Order to the problems of Muslims in Palestine. The researcher suggests that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians is due to the principle of Islamic solidarity. The existence of the Al-Aqsha Mosque which is the first Qibla of Muslims in the region of Jerusalem, Palestine, also makes Sabili to defend the liberation struggle of Palestinian Muslims. Analysis on the news in Sabili 1989-1993 resulted in the finding that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians shows alignments Sabili to Hamas and Sabili hatred against Israel and the United States.;This research discusses Sabili as Islamic magazine on 1989-1993 in defense the problems of Muslims in Palestine. This research is qualitative descriptive and use assistance of text analysis technique. The purpose of this research is to understand the views of Sabili as illegal Islamic press in the New Order to the problems of Muslims in Palestine. The researcher suggests that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians is due to the principle of Islamic solidarity. The existence of the Al-Aqsha Mosque which is the first Qibla of Muslims in the region of Jerusalem, Palestine, also makes Sabili to defend the liberation struggle of Palestinian Muslims. Analysis on the news in Sabili 1989-1993 resulted in the finding that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians shows alignments Sabili to Hamas and Sabili hatred against Israel and the United States., This research discusses Sabili as Islamic magazine on 1989-1993 in defense the problems of Muslims in Palestine. This research is qualitative descriptive and use assistance of text analysis technique. The purpose of this research is to understand the views of Sabili as illegal Islamic press in the New Order to the problems of Muslims in Palestine. The researcher suggests that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians is due to the principle of Islamic solidarity. The existence of the Al-Aqsha Mosque which is the first Qibla of Muslims in the region of Jerusalem, Palestine, also makes Sabili to defend the liberation struggle of Palestinian Muslims. Analysis on the news in Sabili 1989-1993 resulted in the finding that Sabili?s defense on Palestinians shows alignments Sabili to Hamas and Sabili hatred against Israel and the United States.]"