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Abstrak :
Prevalensi infeksi jamur sistemik (mikosis sistemik) dilaporkan semakin meningkat serta mengakibatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi, terutama pada pasien dengan gangguan sistem imun. Mikosis sistemik dapat disebabkan oleh jamur yang berada di lingkungan masyarakat maupun rumah sakit, termasuk ruang perawatan intensif (ICU). Pada umumnya jamur kontaminan tersebut masuk ke dalam tubuh pasien melalui saluran napas (inhalasi) maupun kontaminasi peralatan di lingkungan perawatan pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil jamur yang diisolasi dari udara pada ruang perawatan intensif di beberapa rumah sakit di Jakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian multisenter tentang aspergilosis invasif di ICU beberapa RS di Jakarta. Metode penelitian ini berdisain potong lintang dan pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara konsekutif pada ruang rawat intensif di empat RS. Sampel jamur diisolasi menggunakan cawan petri mengandung media agar saboraud dekstrosa yang dibiarkan terbuka selama 15 menit di ruang perawatan, selanjutnya dilakukan proses inkubasi dan identifikasi jamur di laboratorium mikologi untuk mengetahui profil jamur yang diisolasi dari ruang perawatan tersebut. Jamur yang berhasil diisolasi dari ruang perawatan intensif pada penelitian ini umumnya terdiri atas beberapa spesies, yaitu Aspergillus niger (42%), Aspergillus fumigatus (33%), Penicillium sp. (30%), Rhodotorulla (27%), Dematiaceae (24%), Mycelia sterilia (12%), dan Candida sp. (3%). Profil spesies jamur A. niger, A. fumigatus dan Dematiaceae ditemukan di empat rumah sakit, sedangkan Rhodotorulla dan Mycelia sterilia di temukan di tiga rumah sakit. Adapun Penicillium sp. dan Candida sp. hanya ditemukan di satu rumah sakit. Kesimpulannya, profil spesies jamur udara di ruang perawatan intensif pada penelitian ini terdiri atas Aspergillus niger (42%), Aspergillus fumigatus (33%), Penicillium sp. (30%), Rhodotorulla (27%), Dematiaceae (24%), Mycelia sterilia (12%), dan Candida sp. (3%). ......The prevalence of systemic fungal infection (systemic mycosis) is increasing, and cause high number of mortality and morbidity, especially for immunocopromised patients. Systemic mycosis can be cause by fungal species found in either community or hospital environment, including intensive care unit (ICU). Generally, this fungal contaminants infect the patient's body through the respiratory tract (inhalation) as well as contamination of equipment in patient's environment. This study aims to find out the profile of airborne fungal species that isolated from the air in intensive care unit at several hospitals in Jakarta. This study is part of a multicenter study on invasive aspergillosis in ICU at several hospitals in Jakarta. The cross-sectional study was conducted with consecutive samplings taken from ICU in four hospitals. The sample taken using petri dish containing dextrose saboraud agar that placed about 1m height and open to air for 15 minutes. Then, the process of incubation and fungal identification done in mycology laboratory to know the profile of airborne fungal species isolated from ICU. The fungal species that were isolated from the intensive care unit were consist of several species, which were Aspergillus niger (42%), Aspergillus fumigatus (33%), Penicillium sp. (30%), Rhodotorulla (27%), Dematiaceae (24%), Mycelia sterilia (12%), and Candida sp. (3%). The fungal species profile of A.niger, A.fumigatus and Dematiaceae were found in all four hospitals, while Rhodotorulla and Mycelia sterilia were found in three hospitals and Penicillium sp. and Candida sp. were only found in one hospital. In conclusion, the profile of airborne fungal species in intensive care unit in this study consisted of Aspergillus niger (42%), Aspergillus fumigatus (33%), Penicillium sp. (30%), Rhodotorulla (27%), Dematiaceae (24%), Mycelia sterilia (12%), and Candida sp. (3%).

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Kapang rizosfer mempunyai kemampuan menghambat Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans. penyebab penyakit layu pada tanaman tomat (Lycopersicon esculetum Mill.). Kapang rizosfer diisolasi dari daerah perakaran tanaman tomat di lahan konvensional Desa Cikahuripan dan Sukamulya, Sukabumi. Tujuh belas spesies yang antagonis terhadap F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici telah diidentifikasi dari 47 isolat yang diisolasi dan 2 isolat koleksi LIPI MC. Mekanisme antagonis untuk mengendalikan patogen terlihat beragam dari tiap spesies kapang rizosfer. Kompetisi dengan kapang patogen terlihat pada Trichoderma sp. dan Mucor sp. Semua isolat kapang rizosfer memproduksi agen antifungi volatil bukan HCN dan tidak dapat memproduksi enzim kitinase. Kapang rizosfer memproduksi agen antifungi non-volatil iturin yaitu Aspergillus fumigatus Fres., Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem, dan 2 isolat Aspergillus sp. Enzim protease diproduksi oleh A. fumigatus, Aspergillus sp., Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, dan Humicola fuscoatra Traaen. Aspergillus niger dan Penicillium sp., merupakan kapang rizosfer yang memproduksi agen antifungi non-volatil dan volatil terhadap patogen. Baik pada suspensi konidia patogen yang disimpan 4° C dan tidak disimpan dalam lemari pendingin yang diberi agen antifungi non-volatil Aspergillus niger (1:1) memperlihatkan persentase hambatan pertumbuhan konidia patogen tertinggi masing-masing 77,97 % dan 76,08 % pada pengamatan jam ke-8. Agen antifungi non-volatil Aspergillus niger pada berbagai konsentrasi meningkatkan perkecambahan tomat masing-masing 4,17 % pada benih tomat yang diberi filtrat atau suspensi konidia patogen yang diinkubasi selama 30 menit. Sedangkan waktu inkubasi 60 menit, agen antifungi non-volatil A. niger pada berbagai konsentrasi meningkatkan perkecambahan tomat 5,25 %?21,04 % pada benih tomat yang diberi suspensi konidia patogen dan menurunkan perkecambahan tomat 6,38 %?13,04 % pada benih tomat yang diberi filtrat patogen. Perpanjangan waktu inkubasi 30 menit menghambat selama 4 hari kolonisasi patogen pada tomat yang diberi campuran filtrat atau suspensi konidia patogen dan agen antifungi non-volatil A. niger pada berbagai konsentrasi. Agen antifungi volatil dari Penicillium sp. dapat menghambat perkecambahan konidia patogen sebesar 22,07 %.

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Abstract
Rhizosphere moulds have activities to reduce the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans, the causal pathogen of wilt disease of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant. Moulds were isolated from rhizosphere of tomato plants growing in the Villages of Cikahuripan and Sukamulya, Sukabumi. Seventeen species that have antagonistic effect to F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici were identified from 47 isolates isolated from rhizosphere of tomato plant and 2 isolates of LIPI MC collection. Antagonistic mechanism for control the pathogen seemed different from each species of the rhizosphere moulds. Competition with the pathogen was produced by Trichoderma sp. and Mucor sp. All isolates of the rhizosphere moulds produced non-HCN volatile antifungal agent and did not produced chitinase enzyme. Rhizosphere moulds that produced iturin non-volatile antifungal agent were Aspergillus fumigatus Fres., Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem, and 2 isolates of Aspergillus sp. Protease enzyme was produced by A. fumigatus, Aspergillus sp., Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, and Humicola fuscoatra Traaen. Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. were rhizophere moulds that produced non-volatile and volatile antifungal agents respectively against the pathogen. Both on the suspension of the pathogen conidia stored in 4° C and unstored in refregerator that given non-volatile antifungal agent of A. niger (1 : 1) showed the highest percent inhibition of the pathogen conidia respectively 77.97 % and 76.08 % in observation to-8 hours. Non-volatile antifungal agent of A. niger at various consentrations increased the germination of tomato respectively at 4.17 % on tomato that given the filtrate or suspension of conidia of the patogen at 30 minutes incubation. While in the incubation time of 60 minutes, non-volatile antifungal agent of A. niger at various concentration increased the germination of tomato at 5.25 %─21.04 % on tomato that given suspension of conidia of the pathogen and decreased the germination of tomato at 6.38 %─13.04 % on tomato that given the pathogen filtrate. Extending of incubation time for 30 minutes 4 days delayed the colonization of the pathogen on tomato that given a mixture of the filtrate or the suspension of the pathogen conidia and non-volatil antifungal agent of A. niger at various concentrations. The volatile antifungal agent of Penicillium sp. decreased the germination of conidia of the patogen at 22.07 %.