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"Perdarahan saluran cerna (PSC) merupakan salah satu komplikasi COVID-19 dengan angka mortalitas yang tinggi, namun hingga kini besaran kasusnya belum pernah dilaporkan di Indonesia. Selain itu, hasil penelitian sebelumnya mengenai faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian PSC juga masih bervariasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung proporsi kejadian PSC pada COVID-19 serta mendapatkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian merupakan studi potong-lintang dengan subjek pasien dewasa COVID-19 derajat sedang hingga kritis di RS Rujukan COVID-19 Pertamina Jaya dan RS Darurat Wisma Haji Pondok Gede, Jakarta, selama periode Juni-September 2021. Dari 414 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi didapatkan kejadian PSC sebesar 17,63%. Mayoritas subjek memiliki komorbid hipertensi (51%), diabetes melitus tipe 2 [DMT2] (43,2%), penyakit serebrokardiovaskular [PSKV] (31,4%), serta riwayat penyakit ulkus peptikum dan PSC sebelumnya (23,9%). Median nilai neutrofil absolut ialah 4.842,5[1.116-70.000], kadar CRP 65,5[9-275] mg/dL, dan kadar D-dimer 890[200-5010] µg/L. Berdasarkan uji bivariat, terdapat tujuh variabel yang bermakna secara statistik, namun pada analisis multivariat generalized linear model menggunakan family regresi Poisson dan fungsi link log dengan robust error variance diperoleh empat variabel akhir yang bermakna secara statistik, yaitu hipertensi (aRR 2,67; IK95% 1,52-4,41; p<0,001), PSKV (aRR 1,90; IK95% 1,27-2,84; p=0,002), terapi kortikosteroid dosis tinggi (aRR 1,82; IK95% 1,22-2,73; p=0,004), dan terapi proton pump inhibitor (PPI) dosis tinggi (aRR 0,41; IK95% 0,27-0,60; p<0,001). Uji Pearson goodness-of-fit menunjukkan nilai p=0,999 dan nilai AUC 0,755 (IK95% 0,694-0,815; p<0,001). Sebagai kesimpulan, proporsi kejadian PSC pada COVID-19 derajat sedang-kritis ialah 17,63 (IK95% 14,1-21,6%). Faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kejadian PSC ialah hipertensi, PSKV, serta penggunaan kortikosteroid dan PPI.

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Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a COVID-19 complication with high mortality rate whose magnitude and impact have not been reported in Indonesia. Moreover, the resutls of previous studies on factors influencing GIB in COVID-19 still varied widely. This study aimed to measure the proportion of GIB cases in COVID-19 and investigate the factors influencing GIB in COVID-19. This was a cross sectional study on adults with moderate to critical COVID-19 in Pertamina Jaya Referral Hospital and Wisma Haji Pondok Gede Field Hospital, Jakarta from June to September 2021. We found that out of 414 subjects that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17.63% had cases of GIB. Most subjects had comorbidities, including hypertension (51%), type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM] (43.2%), cerebrocardiovascular disease [CCVD] (31.4%), and history of peptic ulcer and previous GIB (23.9%). Median[min-max] number of absolute neutrohil was 4,842.5 [1,116-70,000], CRP levels was 65.5 [9-275] mg/dL, and D-dimer levels was 890 [200-5,010] ug/L. Bivariate analysis showed that there were seven variables that were statistically significant. However, according to generalized linear model analysis withPoisson regression family and log link function with robust error variance, there were four final variables that were statistically significant. There variabels as follow hypertension (aRR 2.67; 95%CI 1.52-4.41; p<0.001), CCVD (aRR 1.90; 95%CI 1.27-2.84; p=0.002), high dose corticosteroid therapy (aRR 1.82; 95%CI 1.22-2.73; p=0.004), and high dose proton pump inhibitor [PPI] therapy (aRR 0.41; 95%CI 0.27-0.60; p<0.001). Pearson goodness-of-fit test showed p=0.999 and AUC value of 0.755 (95%CI 0.694-0.815; p<0.001). In conclusion, the proportion of GIB incidence in moderate-critical COVID-19 was 17.63% (95%CI 14.1-21.6%). Factors that influence GIB were hypertension, CCVD, the use of corticosteroid, and PPI."

"Latar belakang: Warfarin merupakan antikoagulan yang rutin diberikan dalam 90 hari pertama pascabedah katup jantung. Salah satu komplikasi yang dapat timbul selama pemberian warfarin adalah perdarahan saluran cerna. Persentase periode intraterapeutik (PIT) dan periode supraterapeutik (PST) warfarin dikaitkan dengan kejadian perdarahan pada populasi fibrilasi atrium non-valvular, namun pengaruhnya pada perdarahan saluran cerna pascabedah katup masih belum diketahui.Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi pengaruh PIT dan PST warfarin pada kejadian perdarahan saluran cerna pascabedah katup jantung.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif pada subjek yang telah menjalani bedah katup jantung di Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh darah Harapan Kita. Subjek diikuti dalam 90 hari pertama untuk mengevaluasi insiden perdarahan saluran cerna. Pemeriksaan International Normalized Ratio (INR) yang dilakukan setelah tujuh hari setelah inisiasi warfarin hingga terjadi luaran klinis atau akhir masa pengamatan dicatat untuk perhitungan PIT dan PST.Hasil: Dari 195 subjek penelitian, insiden perdarahan saluran cerna ditemukan pada 18 subjek. Median jumlah pemeriksaan INR adalah lima kali. Dalam periode pengamatan, 84% subjek tidak mencapai PIT >60%. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna untuk PST antara subjek dengan dan tanpa perdarahan p>18% (AUC 0,842; sensitivitas 72 dan spesifisitas 80%) dengan risiko relatif (RR) 14,2 (p<0,0001;IK 95% 4,06-49,71). Gangguan fungsi ginjal preoperatif merupakan faktor lainyang berhubungan dengan luaran klinis (p=0,007; RR 6,69 dengan IK 95% 1,67-2677).Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara PIT dengan insiden perdarahan saluran cerna, namun PST .18% secara independen berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko terjadinya perdarahan saluran cerna pascabedah katup jantung pada pasien yang mendapat terapi warfarin.

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Background: Warfarin is routinely given in the first 90 days after valvular surgery. One of the complications that may arise during warfarin administration is gastrointestinal bleeding. Time in Therapeutic Range (TTR) and Time Above Therapeutic Range (TATR) of warfarin is associated with bleeding occurrence in non-valvular atrial fibrillation populations, but its relationship with gastrointestinal GI bleeding on postoperative patients remains unknown.Objective: To identify the role of warfarin's TTR and TATR in the incidence of GI bleeding post valvular surgery.Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study on subjects who have undergone valvular surgery in National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita and received warfarin. Subjects were followed in the first 90 days to evaluate the incidence of GI bleeding. All International Normalized Ratio (INR) examinations after seven days of initiation of warfarin until bleeding occurred or end of follow-up period were collected for TTR and TATR calculations.Results: From 195 study subjects, the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding were found in 18 subjects. The median amount of INR examination was five times. In the follow-up period, 84 of subjects did not achieve TTR> 60%. There was a significant difference for TATR values between subjects with and without bleeding (p<0.0001), but not for TTR (p=0.44). The incidence of GI bleeding was associated with TATR>18% (AUC 0.842, 72% sensitivity and 80% specificity) with relative risk (RR) 14.2 (p<0.0001; 95% CI 4.06-49.71). Preoperative renal insufficiency was another factor related with clinical outcome (p=0,007; RR 6,69 with 95% CI 1,67-26,77)Conclusions: There were no association between TTR values and incidence of GI bleeding, however TATR>18% was independently associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding after valvular surgery in patients receiving warfarin. "