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Abstrak :
Komitmen-komitmen WTO, khususnya terkait hak atas kekayaan intelektual dalam Perjanjian TRIPS, berpotensi menghambat peningkatan akses terhadap obat-obatan dan vaksin dalam situasi pandemi Covid-19. Dalam keadaan darurat, komitmen-komitmen tersebut dapat dikesampingkan menggunakan klausul security exceptions WTO. Penelitian ini menjelaskan (i) bagaimana pengaturan security exceptions WTO dibandingkan dengan general exceptions di Pasal XX GATT 1994 dan non-precluded measures di BIT Argentina-AS, BIT India-Jerman, dan BIT India-Mauritius; serta (ii) apakah pandemi Covid-19 merupakan alasan yang sah untuk mengesampingkan kewajiban dalam Perjanjian TRIPS menggunakan klausul security exceptions. Melalui penelitian dengan metode yuridis normatif dan pendekatan kualitatif, dapat disimpulkan bahwa: Pertama, klausul security exceptions WTO memiliki beberapa persamaan dan perbedaan dengan general exceptions dan non-precluded measures; klausul security exceptions WTO memberi ruang gerak yang lebih luas bagi negara dalam mengambil tindakan keamanan yang berpotensi melanggar kewajiban WTO asal dilakukan untuk meresponi sebuah “emergency in international relations”. Kedua, pandemi Covid-19 dapat dijadikan alasan untuk mengesampingkan kewajiban dalam Perjanjian TRIPS, sebab pandemi ini telah mengakibatkan sebuah “emergency in international relations” dan pengesampingan kewajiban-kewajiban dalam Perjanjian TRIPS bagi kesehatan dan keselamatan masyarakat memenuhi syarat sebagai “essential security interests”. ......WTO commitments, particularly related to intellectual property rights in the TRIPS Agreement, could potentially hinder efforts to increase access to medicines and vaccines during the Covid-19 pandemic. In time of emergency, these commitments can be overridden using the WTO security exceptions clause. This study explains (i) how the WTO security exceptions are compared to general exceptions in Article XX of the GATT 1994 and non-precluded measures in the Argentina-US BIT, India-Germany BIT, and India-Mauritius BIT; and (ii) whether the Covid-19 pandemic is a valid reason to waive the obligations under the TRIPS Agreement using the security exceptions clause. Through research using normative juridical methods and qualitative approach, it can be concluded that: First, the WTO security exceptions clause has several similarities and differences with general exceptions and non-precluded measures clauses; the WTO's security exceptions clause provides wider latitude for countries to take security actions that otherwise would have violated WTO obligations as long as they are carried out in response to an “emergency in international relations”. Second, the Covid-19 pandemic can be used as an excuse to waive obligations under the TRIPS Agreement, because this pandemic has resulted in an “emergency in international relations” and the waiver of obligations in the TRIPS Agreement for public health and safety qualify as “essential security interests”.

Abstrak :
Perdagangan internasional merupakan faktor penting bagi setiap negara menuju era global yang makin kompetitif. Kehadiran World Trade Organization (WTO) diharapkan dapat mewujudukan ketertiban dan keadilan dalam perdagangan internasional. Salah-satu elemennya adalah Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HKI), yang telah diatur oleh WTO dalam Perjanjian TRIPS. Merek sebagai bagian HKI yang bernilai aktual dan signifikan dalam bisnis. Pengaturan merek, termasuk hak pemilik merek, menjadi problem krusial ketika terjadi pembatasan atas penggunaan (Right-to-Use) dalam perdagangan internasional, karena diprioritaskannya kepentingan umum. Contohnya adalah kasus gugatan Indonesia pada 2015 atas kebijakan kemasan polos rokok (tobacco plain packaging) di Australia telah kandas dalam putusan WTO pada 2018. Terdapat juga kasus-kasus lain yang dipicu kebijakan pembatasan Right-to-Use merek oleh negara yang mewarnai perdagangan internasional. Isyu ini menarik, karena secara yuridis terjadi perdebatan pro dan kontra atas tindakan sepihak negara tersebut. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis berkeinginan untuk mempelajari bagaimana terjadi benturan kepentingan antara pengaturan dan pembatasan Right-to-Use dalam perspektif Perjanjian TRIPS, dengan juga melihat peraturan nasional dan praktik yang berkembang. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, dilakukan pengumpulan data sekunder untuk mencari norma hukum dalam perjanjian internasional, doktrin ahli hukum, dan putusan lembaga. Bagaimana interpretasi peraturan, apa kaitan dengan pendaftaran, apa kategori hak, bagaimana justifikasi pembatasan, sebagai fokus akhir. Hasil analisisnya menunjukkan bahwa kepentingan umum termasuk kepentingan kesehatan masyarakat memang sudah seharusnya menang. Kebijakan pembatasan Right-to-Use merek dalam bingkai ini menjadi rekomendasi bagi Indonesia dan negara lain yang ingin menciptakan perdagangan internasional yang tertib dan adil.

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International trade is an important factor for every country towards an increasingly competitive global era. The presence of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is expected to realize order and justice in international trade. One of the elements is Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), which have been regulated by the WTO in the TRIPS Agreement. Trademark as part of IPR that have actual and significant value in business. Trademark regulation, including the Right-to-Use of trademark owners, becomes a crucial problem when there are restrictions on Right-to-Use in international trade, because the public interest is prioritized. As an example is the Indonesian lawsuit case in 2015 over the tobacco plain packaging policy in Australia which had failed in the WTO ruling in 2018. There were also other cases triggered by the states Right-to-Use of trademark restriction policy that colored international trade. This issus is interesting, because juridically there is a pro and counter debate over the unilateral actions of the country. In this paper, the author intends to study how there is a conflict of interest between the regulation and limitation of Right-to-Use in the perspective of the TRIPS Agreement, by also looking at national regulations and developing practices. By using normative legal research methods, secondary data collection is carried out to find legal norms in international agreements, legal experts doctrines, and institutional decisions. What is the interpretation of regulations, what is the connection with registration, what category of rights, how is the justification of restrictions, as the final focus. The results of the analysis show that the public interest including the interests of public health is indeed supposed to win. The Right-to-Use limitation policy in this frame is a recommendation for Indonesia and other countries that want to create orderly and fair international trade.