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"Nineteen Eighty-Four merupakan salah satu karya George Orwell, seorang sastrawan terkenal Inggris. Novel ini menggambarkan suatu kondisi kehidupan yang mengerikan yang diciptakan oleh suatu penguasa totaliter. Penguasa semacam itu mengontrol setiap aspek kehidupan tiap anggota masyarakat, termasuk juga aspek seksualitas.Melalui analisis yang mempergunakan teori Foucault diperlihatkan bagaimana penguasa mengontrol wacana seksualitas. Penguasa membentuk pemahaman tertentu mengenai seksualitas. Bagi penguasa, seksualitas diperbolehkan hanya sebagai bentuk pengabdian. Penguasa membentuk seksualitas negatif pada proles. Penguasa menciptakan seksualitas negatif tersebut untuk memperkokoh seksualitas positif mereka. Winston Smith, tokoh utama novel ini, menolak seksualitas positif tersebut dengan melakukan hubungan gelap bersama Julia.Melalui analisis nada, dapat dilihat nada pesimis dalam pemberontakan Winston. Nada pesimis ini terlihat dalam penggambaran Winston, penggambaran partai, serta kesenjangan antara harapan dan kenyataan yang didapatkan oleh Winston.

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Nineteen Eighty-Four is one of the best works by the famous English writer, George Orwell. The novel pictures a horrible living condition created by a totalitarian authority. This authority controls members of the society in every aspects of their life, including sexuality.

By applying Foucault's theory on discourses, it is seen how sexuality are formed and used by the authority to control the society. Foucault's theory is used to analyze the power relation occurred in the discourses. The authority created a certain way of saying about the people's sexuality. According to the government, sexuality is permitted only as a way of servitude. The authority created a negative sexuality in the low class society called proles. They created this to strengthen the positive image of their sexuality. Winston Smith, the lead character in the novel, rejected this positive image of sexuality by making a secret relationship with Julia.

Through tone analysis, we can see a pessimist tone in Winston's rebellion. The pessimist tone is seen in the way Winston presented, the authority presented, and the contrast between what he expected to what he got in the end."

"Artikel ini membahas konsep pesimisme dalam cerpen Garçon, Un Bock! karya Guy de Maupassant yang berdasarkan pada pemikiran pesimisArthur Schopenhauer. Data primer dihimpun dari cerpen Garçon, Un Bock! berupa berbagai teks yang memiliki kaitan dengan pemikiran pesimis. Data yang telah dikumpulkan akan ditinjau dari sudut pandang pesimisme yang disampaikan oleh Arthur Schopenhauer. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa cerpen Garçon, Un Bock! memiliki ciri-ciri yang sama dengan konsep pesimisme seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Arthur Schopenhauer. Maka, dapat disimpulkan bahwa cerpen Garçon, Un Bock! mengandung penulisan pesmistis......This article focuses on pessimism in Guy de Maupassant’s Garçon, Un Bock! based on the context of pessimism by Arthur Schopenhauer. Variety of texts gathered from Garçon, Un Bock!, specifically those contained pessimism idea. Those primary datas are reviewed from the standpoint of pessimism delivered by Arthur Schopenhauer. The result shows that Garçon, Un Bock! has the similar characteristics as the concept of pessimism written by Arthur Schopenhauer. Thus, it can be concluded that Garçon, Un Bock! is a form of pessimism writing."

"In this study, we analyze contrarian and momentum strategies in periods associated with optimism or pessimism, and we compare them to the normal market sentiment condition. We evaluate the sentiment using the Arms adjusted index. Then, using the vector autoregressive test, we analyze the relationships among sentiment, stock returns, excess returns, and volatility. The results show that the formation of a short-term portfolio in one- and three-month periods of optimism and pessimism do not create additional returns and results in losses. In addition, the outcomes indicate that combining normal market sentiment with behavioral finance strategies increases performances, with more significant results seen using contrarian strategies compared to momentum strategies."