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"Residue of methanolic extraxt of egyption jatropha cureas contains bioactive substances such as phenolic compounds, which succeded to be used natural antioxidants for the protection of oils and their corresponding biodisel againts oxidative deteration...."

"ABSTRAKPelarut yang paling umum digunakan dalam proses ekstraksi adalah pelarut organik konvensional. Namun, sebagian besar pelarut organik konvensional ini telah terbukti memiliki sifat yang berbahaya terhadap kesehatan manusia dan volatilitas yang tinggi. Berbagai usaha telah banyak dilakukan untuk mengembangkan pelarut jenis lain, seperti ionic liquid IL dan deep eutectic solvent DES . Yang cukup mendapat perhatian tinggi saat ini adalah deep eutectic solvent DES yang memiliki karakteristik fisis yang mirip dengan IL, namun ramah lingkungan. DES merupakan campuran dua atau lebih senyawa padat yang terdiri dari golongan garam dengan pendonor ikatan hidrogen Hydrogen Bond Donors / HBD , yang saling membentuk ikatan hidrogen intermolecular. Pelarut DES yang menggunakan senyawa golongan garam dari metabolit primer sel makhluk hidup disebut sebagai natural deep eutectic solvent NADES .Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan optimasi pada penggunaan NADES untuk ekstraksi senyawa vitexin dan total fenolik dari daun binahong. Penelitian difokuskan kepada formulasi NADES berbasis betain dengan berbagai variasi jenis HBD. Variasi HBD yang digunakan berasal dari senyawa golongan alkohol, yaitu 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 butanediol, dan 1,3 butanediol dengan suhu ekstraksi 27?C dan waktu pengadukan 4 jam yang didasarkan pada penelitian sebelumnya. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi ekstraksi, seperti viskositas, polaritas, struktur molekul, dll. Pada penelitian ini, faktor yang paling mempengaruhi hasil ekstraksi dari vitexin adalah struktur molekul dari HBD yang digunakan. HBD yang memiliki struktur molekul dengan jarak gugus OH berjauhan dan tidak bercabang memberikan hasil ekstraksi tertinggi. Dalam hal ini adalah HBD jenis 1,3-propanediol yang memiliki struktur molekul terbuka sehingga tegangan permukaan rendah dan yield vitexin tertinggi.

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ABSTRACT

The most common used solvent in extraction process is conventional organic solvent. However, most of these organic solvents have been evident for having hazardous properties for human health and high volatility. Lot of effort has been done to develop other type of solvent, such as ionic liquid IL dan deep eutectic solvent DES . The type of solvent which gain a lot of scientist rsquo awareness is deep eutectic solvent DES , having similar properties with IL, but environmentally friendly. DES is a mixture of two or more solid compounds consist of salt and Hydrogen Bond Donors HBD , which form intermolecular hydrogen bond. DES solvent using salt compound which come from primary metabolite cell of organism is called natural deep eutectic solvent NADES .This research optimize the using of NADES for vitexin and total phenolic extraction from binahong leaves. Research will be focusing on NADES formulation based on betaine and HBD type variation. The variety of HBD comes from alcohol group, such as 1,2 propanediol, 1,3 propanediol, 1,2 butanediol, dan 1,3 butanediol. Temperature and mixing period of extraction are 27 C and 4 hours, based on the previous research. There are few factors affecting extraction yield, such as viscosity, polarity, molecular structure, etc. In this research, the most influential factor is molecular structure of HBD. Type of HBD having distance OH group and few branches on its structure will give higher vitexin yield. 1,3 propanediol has fair molecular structure resulting low surface tension and highest vitexin yield."

"Resveratrol memiliki banyak manfaat dalam bidang kesehatan. Resveratrol dapat ditemukan dalam biji melinjo Gnetum gnemon L. . Di Indonesia, biji melinjo biasa di diproses menjadi emping dengan cara dibuat menjadi pipih, lalu digoreng dalam minyak gore ng. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh proses penggorengan terhadap kadar resveratrol dalam emping dari biji melinjo. Pada penelitian ini, emping mentah digoreng dalam minyak goreng selama 2 dan 4 menit pada suhu 160-170 C. Kemudian emping mentah dan emping yang digoreng dengan durasi yang berbeda diekstraksi dengan etanol 96 menggunakan alat refluks. Setelah itu dilakukan penetapan kadar resveratrol dalam ekstrak menggunakan KCKT dengan detektor UV dan penetapan kadar fenol total menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu. Hasil penetapan kadar resveratrol dalam emping mentah, emping goreng 2 menit, emping goreng 4 menit berturut-turut yaitu 0,123 0,002, 0,095 0,002, dan 0,085 0,002 mg/g ekstrak. Sedangkan fenol total berturut-turut yaitu 99,621 0,63, 84,829 1,013, dan 56,794 1,14 mg GAE/g ekstrak. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut menunjukan bahwa proses penggorengan dapat mempengaruhi kadar resveratrol dan fenol total dalam emping.

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Resveratrol has many benefit in medical aspect. Resveratrol can be found in melinjo Gnetum gnemon L. seeds. In Indonesia, melinjo seeds are processed by pounding into flat cakes, then fried in cooking oil, called Emping. This Study investigated the effect of frying on resveratrol rsquo s content in Emping from melinjo seeds. In this study raw empings were fried in cooking oil for two and four minutes at 160 170 C. Then raw empings and fried empings with different frying time were refluxed with 96 ethanol as a solvent. Then extracts were determined resveratrol content using HPLC with UV detector and total phenolic with Folin Ciocalteu method. Resveratrol content of raw emping, fried for 2 min and 4 min were 0,123 0,002, 0,095 0,002, and 0,085 0,002 mg g extract, respectively. While total phenolic were 99,621 0,63, 84,829 1, and 013, 56,794 1,14 mg GAE g extract, respectively. The result showed that frying reduced resveratrol and total phenolic contents in Emping."

"Daun Kejibeling merupakan tanaman herbal yang kaya akan kandungan polifenol yang bermanfaat bagi kesehatan manusia. Salah satu metode yang efektif untuk mengekstrak kandungan polifenol adalah UA-ATPE (Ultrasound Assisted – Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction) yang dilakukan secara simultan, dimana kondisi operasi yang optimum harus disesuaikan dengan karakteristik dari Daun Kejibeling sendiri. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan optimasi tiga parameter ekstraksi untuk memperoleh kandungan TPC (Total Phenolic Content) dan TFC (Total Flavonoid Content) tertinggi ekstrak yaitu waktu ekstraksi dengan variasi 20, 30, 45, 60 dan 75 menit; rasio bahan dengan pelarut dengan variasi 1:15 w/v, 1:20 w/v, 1:25 w/v, 1:30 w/v dan 1:35 w/v; dan suhu ekstraksi dengan variasi 30, 40, 50 dan 60°C. Ekstrak diuji kandungan TPC dengan larutan standar asam galat, dan kandungan TFC dengan larutan standar kuersetin pada alat spektrofotometri UV-Vis secara triplo. Hasil optimasi membuktikan bahwa kondisi optimum diperoleh pada waktu ekstraksi 60 menit dan rasio bahan dengan pelarut 1:20 w/v dengan TPC dan TFC fasa atas sebesar 3,819 mg GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent)/g sampel dan 2,735 mg QE (Quercetin Equivalent)/g sampel, serta pada suhu ekstraksi 50°C dengan TPC dan TFC fasa atas sebesar 4,346 mg GAE/g sampel dan 3,093 mg QE/g sampel.

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Kejibeling leaves are herbal plants rich in polyphenol content which are beneficial for human health. One of the effective methods for extracting polyphenol content is with Ultrasound Assisted – Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction carried out simultaneously, where the optimum extraction condition must be adjusted to the characteristics of the Kejibeling leaf itself. Three extraction parameters were optimized to obtain the highest TPC (Total Phenolic Content) and TFC (Total Flavonoid Content) from extracts, including extraction time with variations of 20, 30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes; material-to-solvent ratio with variations of 1:15 w/v, 1:20 w/v, 1:25 w/v, 1:30 w/v and 1:35 w/v; and extraction temperature with variations of 30, 40, 50 and 60 Celsius. The extracts will be tested for TPC values ​​with Gallic Acid standard solution, and TFC values ​​with Quercetin standard solutions on UV-Vis spectrophotometry in triples. The optimization results prove that optimal conditions are obtained at extraction time of 60 minutes and the material-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 w/v with TPC and TFC of upper phase are 3.819 mg GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent)/g sample and 2.735 mg QE (Quercetin Equivalent)/g sample, and at extraction temperature of 50 Celsius with TPC and TFC of upper phase are 4,346 mg GAE/g sample and 3,093 mg QE/g sample."

"ABSTRAKLight-Emitting Diode (LED) lights allow specific wavelengths to be selected. These may be associated with microgreen growth, nitrate accumulation, and synthesis of bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of LED irradiance on the yield, antioxidant production, and antioxidant capacity of microgreens from five traditional vegetables: rat-tailed radish (Raphanus sativus Linn var. caudatus Ale.), water convolvulus (Ipomoea aguatica Forsk), red holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and lemon basil (O. africanum Lour). Samples were grown on a peat substrate in a controlled environment ( 8-12 days from sowing to harvesting, 25+2 ºC and 16-h photoperiod, 0.05% CO2 concentration, and 60+2% RHs). Light irradiance levels of 330, 220, and 110 µmol.m-2. s-1 photosynthetically active flux density (PPFD) were compared, with fluorescence lighting as control. The different species showed different responses to irradiance levels. Irradiance at 330 µmol.m-2.s-1 PPFD was found to be optimal for growth and accumulation of bioactive compounds by water convolvulus, red holy basil, dill, and lemon basil microgreens, producing the greatest dry weight, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging. Rat-tailed radish microgreen was not significantly responsive to the irradiance level. We recommend the use of LED lighting to enhance productivity and promote higher production of bioactive compounds in indigenous vegetable microgreen cultivation."

"Color plays an important role in appearance and acceptability of fruits and vegetables. Changes in color of fruits and vegetables take place through enzymatic mechanism in which polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the oxidation of phenolic compounds to quinones, which subsequently produce brown pigments through spontaneous non-enzymatic polymerization. Browning coloration of many fruits and vegetables may develop during ripening, handling, storage and processing, when tissue are wounded by cutting, bruising, or during peeling, slicing or pulping of raw material while on preparation. Therefore, it is important to control the browning process as it affects appearance, nutritional quality and quantity of marketable produces. This paper focuses on the nature of browning enzymatic in fruits and vegetables, and its controlling methods."

"Kemampuan inhibisi korosi senyawa fenolik minyak zaitun pada baja API 5L Grade B di lingkungan NaCl 3,5 % diinvestigasi dengan menggunakan pengujian Tafel polarisasi dan Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Senyawa fenolik minyak zaitun yang berperan dalam menginhibisi korosi diinvestigasi dengan pengujian FTIR. Senyawa oleuropein dalam minyak zaitun berperan dalam menginhibisi korosi pada sistem dengan tipe mixed inhibitor. Efisiensi inhibisi optimal terjadi pada konsentrasi 1 ml minyak zaitun/100 ml NaCl. Efisiensi inhibisi akan menurun seiring dengan kenaikan temperatur. Senyawa oleuropein menginhibisi korosi dengan cara adsorpsi fisika (interaksi elektrostatis) pada permukaan logam membentuk lapisan tunggal yang akan menghambat transfer muatan dan massa. Adsorpsi senyawa fenolik minyak zaitun pada permukaan logam terjadi spontan mengikuti Langmuir adsorpsi isoterm. Adsorpsi senyawa fenolik minyak zaitun akan meningkatkan energi aktivasi proses korosi. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa fenolik minyak zaitun dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif inhibitor ramah lingkungan pada baja API 5L Grade B di lingkungan NaCl 3,5 %.

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Corrosion inhibition ability of olive oil phenolic compounds on API 5L Grade B steel in 3.5% NaCl environment was investigated using Tafel polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) test. Olive oil phenolic compounds that acts for inhibit corrosion process was investigated by FTIR test. Oleuropein compounds in olive oil acts for inhibit corrosion process in the system with mixed type inhibitors. Optimal inhibition efficiency occurs at a concentration 1 ml olive oil/100 ml NaCl. Inhibition efficiency decreases with increasing temperature. Oleuropein compounds inhibit corrosion by physisorption (electrostatic interactions) on the metal surface to form a single layer that will inhibit the charge and mass transfer. Adsorption of olive oil phenolic compounds on the metal surface occurs spontaneously follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Adsorption of olive oil phenolic compounds will increase the activation energy of the corrosion process. The results showed that olive oil phenolic compounds can be used as an alternative green corrosion inhibitor on API 5L Grade B steel in 3.5% NaCl environment."

"The research was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic acid (50 mgl-1, 100 mgl-1, 200 mgl-1) and activated charcoal (0.5 gl-1, 1 gl-1, 2 gl-1) independently with different light duration (4 weeks in darkness, 2 weeks in darkness followed by 2 weeks in 16 hours light and 4 weeks in 16 hours light) on shoot regeneration. Explants of banana cultivar Barangan (Musa acuminata L.) were planted on MS basal media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA, 4.0 mgl-1 BAP and cultured for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, explant browning level was evaluated. Explants were then cut vertically into two pieces and planted on the same media to induce shoot regeneration. After 4 weeks in shoot regeneration media, number of shoot, colour of shoot and height of shoot were evaluated. MS media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA and 4.0 mgl-1 BAP without ascorbic acid and activated charcoal in darkness for 4 weeks was the most suitable media for shoot regeneration. The shoot regeneration gave average of 10,4 shoots per explant.

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The research was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic acid (50 mgl-1, 100 mgl-1, 200 mgl-1) and activated charcoal (0.5 gl-1, 1 gl-1, 2 gl-1) independently with different light duration (4 weeks in darkness, 2 weeks in darkness followed by 2 weeks in 16 hours light and 4 weeks in 16 hours light) on shoot regeneration. Explants of banana cultivar Barangan (Musa acuminata L.) were planted on MS basal media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA, 4.0 mgl-1 BAP and cultured for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, explant browning level was evaluated. Explants were then cut vertically into two pieces and planted on the same media to induce shoot regeneration. After 4 weeks in shoot regeneration media, number of shoot, colour of shoot and height of shoot were evaluated. MS media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA and 4.0 mgl-1 BAP without ascorbic acid and activated charcoal in darkness for 4 weeks was the most suitable media for shoot regeneration. The shoot regeneration gave average of 10,4 shoots per explant."

"Kondisi disfungsi endotel disebabkan oleh menurunnya ketersediaan L-Arginin akibat meningkatnya aktivitas arginase dan stres oksidatif. Berdasarkan penggunaan tradisionalnya untuk memperlancar aliran darah, serta kandungan senyawa yang potensial sebagai penghambat arginase dan antioksidan, maka dilakukan pengujian aktivitas penghambatan arginase dan aktivitas antioksidan senggani Melastoma malabathricum L. Simplisia batang, buah, bunga, daun diekstraksi secara maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70. Ekstrak teraktif penghambat arginase ditentukan nilai IC50, distandardisasi dan difraksinasi dengan n-heksan, etil asetat dan metanol. Ekstrak etanol 70 daun memiliki aktivitas penghambatan arginase tertinggi dibandingkan bagian tanaman senggani lainnya dengan nilai IC50 62,89 g/mL, serta mengandung senyawa identitas kuersetin 0,27. Fraksi etil asetat menghambat arginase dengan nilai IC50 21,24 g/mL, dan memiliki nilai IC50 4,95 ?g/mL untuk aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode FRAP dan 12,44 ?g/mL dengan metode DPPH. Kadar flavonoid total, fenol total dan kuersetin dalam fraksi etil asetat berturut-turut adalah 16,7; 37,91; dan 3,7 . Fraksi teraktif dalam menghambat arginase dan sebagai antioksidan dari ekstrak etanol 70 daun senggani adalah fraksi etil asetat.

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Endothelial dysfunction is primarily due to reduction in Nitric Oxide NO bioavailabilty caused by upregulation of arginase and oxidative stress. Based on traditional used for blood flowing, and potential compounds as arginase inhibitor and antioxidant, research on arginase inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Senggani Melastoma malabathricum L . has conducted. Stem, fruit, flower and leaf were extracted with 70 ethanol by maceration. The most active extract was determined for IC50 value, standardized, and fractionated with n hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol.

The most active extract on arginase inhibition compared to other parts of the plant was leaf extract with IC50 62,89 g mL, and 0,27 quercetin as marker compound. Ethyl acetate fraction inhibited arginase with IC50 value 21,24 g mL IC50 value 4,9 g mL for antioxidant activity by FRAP method and 12,44 g mL for antioxidant activity by DPPH method. Total flavonoid content, total phenolic content and quercetin content in ethyl acetate fraction was 16.7, 37.91, and 3.7 . The most active fraction on arginase inhibition and antioxidant activity from 70 ethanolic leaf extract of senggani was ethyl acetate fraction."

"ABSTRAKTanaman yang mengandung antioksidan dapat dikembangkan menjadi sediaan kosmetik krim anti-kerut karena kemampuannya sebagai anti-kolagenase dan anti-elastase. Rumput laut coklat Sargassum sp. diketahui mengandung antioksidan polifenol seperti senyawa floroglusinol. Penelitian terhadap Sargassum sp. perlu dilakukan karena pemanfataan rumput laut belum maksimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan krim Sargassum sp yang stabil dan memiliki aktivitas anti-kolagenase serta anti-elastase. Sediaan krim Sargassum plagyophyllum diuji total fenolik dengan metode Folin- ciocalteu dan diuji aktivitas anti-kolagenase dan elastasenya. Hasil menunjukkan krim Sargassum plagyophyllum memiliki total fenolik yaitu 5,597 0,74 mg PGE/g ekstrak kering, dan memiliki nilai IC50 anti-kolagenase krim sebesar 20,83 ?g/mL sedangkan nilai IC50 anti-elastase sebesar 183,73 ?g/mL. Kesimpulannya bahwa sediaan krim Sargassum plagyophyllum stabil dan memiliki aktivitas anti-kolagenase serta anti-elastase.

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ABSTRACTAnti wrinkle cosmetic preparations which function as anti collagenase and anti elastase is caused by the ability of antioxidants inside the plants. Brown seaweed Sargassum sp. is known to contain polyphenol antioxidants such as phloroglucinol compounds. The number of seaweed production is high but its utilization has not been maximized. This study to obtain cream containing Sargassum sp. extract which is stable and have anti collagenase and anti elastase activity.The total phenolic content of Sargassum plagyophyllum cream was tested with Folin ciocalteu method and then tested for its anti collagenase and elastase activity. The result show that the Sargassum plagyophyllum cream formulation has total phenol content of 5.597 0.74 mg PGE g of dried extract, IC50 value of cream as anti collagenase was 20.83 g mL and as an anti elastase value of 183.73 g mL. In conclusion, Sargassum plagyophyllum can be developed as a stable cream and has anti collagenase and anti elastase activity. "