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"Permintaan global untuk tembaga mengalami peningkatan sebesar 10% yaitu 1,9 juta ton (MT) di akhir tahun 2014 jika dibandingkan dengan permintaan pada tahun 2013. Dengan industrialisasi yang pesat, diproyeksikan permintaan tembaga selanjutnya akan meningkat jauh lebih tinggi di luar permintaan saat ini pada tahun 2020 (ICSG 2015). Malakit [Cu2(CO3)(OH)2] adalah mineral tembaga karbonat, atau sering disebut sebagai mineral Copper Carbonate Hydroxide, yang disusun oleh ion logam tembaga dengan anion karbonat dan hidroksida yang berwarna hijau terang atau hijau zamrud. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan ekstraksi ion Cu dari mineral malakit (kadar tembaga sebesar 45,9%) dengan metode flotasi menggunakan salisilaldoksim. Semakin bertambah nilai pH maka kadar tembaga semakin meningkat. pH optimal untuk mengekstraksi ion Cu2+ dari mineral malakit dengan metode flotasi adalah pH 10. Flotasi 10 gram mineral malakit menggunakan 10 mL minyak pinus, 20 mL salisilaldoksim 0,1 M dapat mengekstrak 90,07% sehingga jumlah ion Cu2+ yang dapat diekstraksi di dalam penelitian ini adalah 41,38%.

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In the end of 2014, global demand for copper increased 10% (1,9 million tons) from 2013. In 2020, copper demand has been predicted to increase much higher than recent year as the impact of rapid industrialization (ICSG, 2015). Malakit [Cu2(CO3)(OH)2] is a copper carbonate mineral or copper carbonate hydroxide, which is composed by copper metal ions with carbonate anions and hydroxides in bright green or emerald green color. In this research, flotation method was used to extract copper ions from malakit (copper rate 45,9%) using salicylaldoxim. Increasing the pH value of the levels of copper is increasing. The optimum pH for extracting Cu2+ ion from malakit using flotation method is pH 10. Flotation of 10 grams malakit using 10 mL pine oil, 20 mL salicylaldoxim 0,1 M which can extract 90,07%. So that the amount of Cu2+ ions that can be extracted in this research is 41,38%."

"ABSTRAKThe photocatalytic decolorization of real textile wastewater using pine wood (PW), bamboo (BB) and coconut shell (CS) charcoals TiO2-coated under UV irradiation were investigated. Biomass charcoals TiO2-coated were synthesized by the sol-gel and dip-coating technique. The structure features of biomass charcoals TiO2-coated were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). our finding indicated that XRD data characteristic anatase phase reflections and SEM showed that TiO2 thin films distributed in the pores and cover on biomass charcoals. BB-TiO2 and CS- TiO2 showed high covering films of TiO2 on surface and filled full in the small pores but PW- TiO2 still had many large pores. decolorization of real textile wastewater using photocatalytic process was measured by Space Unit Method; S.U. with UV-VIS spectrophotometer. the photocatalytic tests indicated that decolorization of biomass-TiO2 were CS-TiO2, BB-TiO2 and PW-TiO2, respectively. details of the synthesis of biomass charcoals TiO2-coated and results of the characterization and decolorization studies are presented in this paper."

"Batuan sekismika dengan jenis batuan spodumene dan lepidolite adalah batuan yang mengandung logam-logam berharga di dalamnya, dimana salah satu dari unsur logam-logam berharga tersebut terdapat unsur kandungan litium. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melakukan benefisiasi atau peningkatan terhadap kadar litium yang terkandung dalam batuan sekismika dengan tahapan proses hidrometalurgi menggunakan proses froth flotasi. Dalam percobaan ini bongkahan besar batuan pertama kali akan melalui tahapan crushing dan milling untuk menjadikan batuan menjadi bentuk serbuk halus hingga berukuruan -100 mesh. Kemudian, proses hidrometalurgi dimulai menggunakan tahapan flotasi dengan menggunakan kolektor berupa campuran dodecylamine dengan oleic acid dan frother berupa pine oil. Pada tahapan proses hidrometalurgi ini dilakukan beberapa variasi diantaranya adalah variasi pH (8, 9, 10 dan 11), rasio persen solid (2%, 4%, 6%, dan 8%), dan waktu (5, 10, 15, 20, dan 25 menit). Variasi tersebut dilakukan untuk mengetahui variabel yang menghasilkan persen recovery optimum dari benefisiasi litium. Sampel dan hasil percobaan ini dianalisis menggunakan ICP untuk mengetahui konsentrasi litium setelah dilakukan proses benefisiasi dengan metode hidrometalurgi tersebut. Hasil dari proses benefisiasi kadar litium dengan perolehan persen recovery terbaik terjadi pada variasi waktu 5 menit dan 15 menit, kemudian dengan variasi variabel 4% solid dan 6% solid, serta variabel pH terbaik pada pH 9. Nilai persen recovery optimum pada penelitian ini adalah 82,35% yang bersumber dari larutan terapung pada hasil flotasi dengan variasi waktu 15 menit, 6% solid, dan pH 9

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Mica Schist rocks with spodumene and lepidolite types are rocks that contain precious metals in them, where one of the precious metal elements contains lithium. This research was conducted to perform beneficiation or increase the level of lithium contained in mica schisc rocks with the process of the hydrometallurgy using the froth flotation process. In this experiment, boulder of mica schisc rocks will first go through the stages of crushing and milling to turn the mica schisc rocks into a fine powder up to -100 mesh in size. Then, the hydrometallurgical process was started using a flotation step using a collector in the form of a mixture of dodecylamine with oleic acid and pine oil as the frother. During this step of the hydrometallurgical process, several variations were carried out including variations in pH (8, 9, 10 and 11), percent solid ratio (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%), and time (5, 10, 15, 20 , and 25 minutes) to find out in which variation the highest percent recovery from the lithium beneficiation can occur. The sample and the results of this experiment are characterized by the ICP process to determine the lithium content after the beneficiation process using the hydrometallurgical method is carried out. The results of the lithium beneficiation process with the best percent recovery gain occurred at a time variation of 5 minutes and 15 minutes, then with a variable variation of 4% solid and 6% solid also the best pH variable at pH 9. The optimum percent recovery value in this study was 82.35% which was sourced from the floating solution on the flotation results with variations in time of 15 minutes, 6% solid, and pH 9"

"This book brings together the worldwide knowledge of researchers from Universities and Government institutions, as well as forest industry practitioners that have worked on the pest. Importantly, it is the first comprehensive treatment of the subject since S. noctilio was discovered outside its native range around 1900. The book covers all aspects of the biology and management of S. noctilio, including aspects of the insects? taxonomy, general life history, host-plant relationships, population dynamics, chemical ecology and symbiosis with the fungus Amylostereum areolatum. The book also contains a comprehensive synthesis of the history and current status of the pest and worldwide efforts to control it, including biological control, silviculture and quarantine."