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"Interaction between the local government and the council serves as one of significant factors that endorse the effectiveness of decentralization pursuant to Law No. 22 of 1999 on Local Government in Indonesia. One of the arenas in which such interaction between the two district organizations takes place is the formulation of policies on Local Budget, as part of their regulatory function.Such formulation of policies on Local Budget is provided in the Government Regulation No. 105 of 2000 and Decree of Minister of Domestic Affairs No. 29 of 2002. These two legal bases reflect the interaction between local government and the council in the formulation of General Course and Policies, Local Budget Strategies-Policies and deliberation of Local Budget Proposal. However, in reality the process is smeared by conflict of interests among the incumbents that disregard local stakeholders' interests. As a consequence, the stipulated Local Budget is considered irrelevant to the needs of the local people and is likely to favor the interests of the incumbents both in the local government and in the council.A case study approach was employed to examine the above mentioned issues of Depok City. There are a number of reasons to study these issues in Depok City, i.e. (1) it already ratified Local Regulation No. 1 of 2003 on Management and Accountability of Local Finance as a follow-up of the Decree of Minister of Domestic Affairs No. 29 of 2002, (2) it has employed Communication Forum for Participative Development Planning as a major element in the formulation of General Course and Policies and (3) it fits the technical aspects of this study. This study focuses on the power and resources dependency approach and the state-centered approach. Based on these two approaches, emphasis is put on the interaction process, types of interaction, and dynamic elements that constitute such interaction.Based on the results of the study, it may be concluded that, (1) the interaction between the local government and the council is dominated by the local government due to its greater access to power and resources, (2) the imbalanced interaction is resulted from lack of access to resources by the Budget Committee of the council (3) imbalanced interaction in the formulation of the general course and policies and budget strategies-priorities has formed an anticipated reaction type of interaction due to weak position of the council on situational basis, (4) the interaction in the formulation of the general course and policies and budget strategies and priorities tend to be contravening, leading to disassociating process, (5) during the deliberation of Local Budget Proposal, the interaction inclined to a no decision making situation influenced by the interaction between offices/agencies/institutions and the faction-commission to urge the Budget Committee of the council that eliminates the contravening situation, leading to associative interaction and (6) the mayor direct election will strengthen the incumbent in the local government due to increasing political legitimacy of the local government, and on the contrary weakening the position of local legislators or the council in such interaction.Based on the above conclusion, the following recommendations might be taken into consideration: (1) to build a balanced interaction by improving both individual and institutional capacity of the local legislators or the council, (2) each faction requires its member to understand both the process and material of local budgeting, (3) to build balanced formality and informality by putting forward transparency and improving interaction frequency between the local government and the local legislators or the council on institutional basis, (4) the effort to improve institutional capacity of the council may be achieved by institutionalizing inter-faction interaction and to dissolve internal grouping, (5) institutionalizing the cross-faction lobbying mechanism in the council, regular reporting and joint discussion to moderate sheer interest of political parties and (6) the mayor direct election must be balanced by improving institutional capacity, guidelines for the council for formulating and monitoring the Local Budget and maintaining good interaction with the local government."

"Kebijakan Pemerintah Turki setelah Perjanjian Sevres tahun 1920 banyak diadopsi dari Eropa. Akibat dari pengadopsian ini, segala bentukb pengungkapan diri bagi kaum Kurdi maupun etnis minoritas lain direpresi. Kurdi tidak punya hak berpolitik, tidak punya akses pendidikan, dan informasi. Sebelum tahun 1991, bahasa Kurdi dianggap ilegal. Hingga tahun 1999 masih ada batasan-batasan tertentu bagi etnis Kurdi, misalnya siaran radio Kurdi tidak boleh lebih dari 1 jam per hari; lima hari seminggu. Konflik antara Turki dengan Kurdi terjadi sejak tahun 1984. Kebijakan Pemerintah Turki terhadap etnis Kurdi di Turki Tenggara tidak dapat dilepaskan dari posisi Kurdistan sebagai suatu wilayah yang strategis bagi Turki sebab mengandung sumber daya minyak dan air yang akan selalu mereka upayakan tidak lepas dari genggaman mereka. Tipe penelitian dalam tesis ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Data-data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah data kasus yang ditunjang oleh data dokumen, rekaman fisik dan wawancara yang terkait dengan masalah penelitian. Metode analisis data menggunakan analisis data berbentuk analisis kualitatif dengan model interaktif. Dari data yang diperoleh, dapat diketahui bagaimana upaya-upaya yang telah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Turki untuk menyelesaikan masalahnya dengan etnis Kurdi baik melalui jalan damai maupun kekerasan. Perubahan konstelasi politik dalam negeri Turki ternyata mempengaruhi kebijakan terhadap etnis Kurdi.

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Most of the Turkish government policies toward the Kurds after the Treaty of Sevres in 1920, were adopted from Europe. The consequences of these policies, the Kurds and other minorities in Turkey are oppressed. The Kurds do not have the rights for being active in politic, no adequate access to education, and information. Before 1991, Kurdish language was considered illegal. Up until 1999 the Kurds cannot aired their radio for more than 1 hour in five days a week. The conflicts between the Turkish government and the Kurds happened since 1984. The Turkish government policies towards the Kurds, is caused by the strategic geographic position and the natural wealth of Kurdistan. Especially its natural resources such as water and oil, which is very important for Turkey. The methods used for this research is a study case methods with qualitative research. All the data used for this research came from documents, physica records, and interviews. Data analysis methods for this research are qualitative analysis and interactive model. From the data obtained, it can be seen every efforts that had been done by the Turkish government in order to deal with the Kurdish situations, both by the use of force and through negotiations. The changing political situation in Turkey also influenced the Turkish government policy toward the Kurds."

"Penelitian ini berfokus pada implementasi kebijakan Departemen Hukum dan Ham RI tentang program asimilasi, pembebasan bersyarat, cuti menjelang bebas dan cuti bersyarat di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIA Bekasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetehui bagaimana implementasi program asimilasi, pembebasan bersyarat, cuti menjelang bebas dan cuti bersyarat di Lapas Bekasi dan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penghambat dalam implementasi kebijakan tersebut yang ditinjau dari faktor komunikasi, faktor sumber-sumber, faktor kecenderungan dan faktor birokrasi. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini digunakan metode kualitatif dengan desain diskriptif. Adapun informan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 10 orang yaitu 8 orang narapidana dan 2 orang pejabat struktural di Lapas Bekasi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam terhadap informan, sedangkan analisis dilakukan dengan merujuk pada teori implementasi kebijakan dari George C. Edward dan analisis SWOT. Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa implementasi kebijakan asimilasi, pembebasan bersyarat, cuti menjelang bebas dan cuti bersyarat di Lapas Bekasi terlihat kurang optimal. Hal ini terjadi karena beberapa faktor penghambat yakni ditinjau dari faktor komunikasi yaitu informasi kebijakan belum dikomunikasikan dengan baik ke narapidana dan masyarakat selaku stakeholder, sedangkan dari faktor sumber-sumber yaitu kurangnya tenaga staf secara kwantitas dan kwalitas SDM, serta kurangnya sumber dana operasional. Selanjutnya adalah faktor kecenderungan petugas pelaksana kebijakan yang menjalankan kebijakan ini lebih cenderung terhadap narapidana yang memberikan bantuan dana. Faktor terakhir yaitu faktor yakni dari Lapas, Kantor Wilayah dan Direktorat Jenderal belum lagi dengan instansi terkait seperti Pemerintahan Daerah dan Kejaksaan.

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This study is focused to know how the implementation of Law Department & Human Right?s policies about assimilation program, parole, leave nearing free, and conditional leave in LAPAS Bekasi. The study also aims to know the barriers in implementing those policies. Qualitative method is used in this study. This study involves 10 informants; 8 people are prisoners and the others are functionary of LAPAS Bekasi. Data collecting is obtained by holding an interview with the informants. And data analysis is done by George C. Edward?s Theories and SWOT analysis. The result of this study indicated that the implementation of policies about assimilation program, parole, leave nearing free, and conditional leave in LAPAS Bekasi is not optimal. It?s caused by some barrier factors such as communication, human resources and bureaucracy factor. The policies are not informed well to prisoners and people. There is less of quality and quantity of operational staff. And the bureaucracy needs long time in implementing."