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"Limbah cair tahu merupakan salah satu sumber pencemaran air yang masih membutuhkan metode pengolahan yang lebih efektif. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan teknologi ultrafiltrasi membran polisulfon dan pretreatment berupa proses koagulasi-flokulasi dengan koagulan PAC. Pada proses koagulasi - flokulasi dilakukan variasi dosis sebesar 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm dan 500 ppm. Sedangkan pada proses ultrafiltrasi, dilakukan variasi tekanan umpan sebesar 0,5 bar, 1 bar, 1,5 bar dan 2 bar. Umpan limbah cair tahu memiliki pH antara 3,8-4, total padatan terlarut TDS antara 850-880 mg/L, total padatan tersuspensi TSS 380-420 mg/L, turbiditas antara 450-530 FAU, dan kandungan zat organik COD antara 5600-6600 mg/L dan BOD 2900 mg/L.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi koagulasi optimum dicapai ketika dosis PAC 300 ppm dengan penyisihan TSS sebesar 45,7, penyisihan turbiditas 44,8 dan penyisihan COD 26,5, sedangkan tekanan optimum pada ultrafiltrasi dicapai ketika 1,5 bar dengan penyisihan COD 75,5, penyisihan TSS 99,7, penyisihan TDS 41,7 dan penyisihan turbidity 97,7, sedangkan parameter BOD pada kondisi operasi optimum menunjukkan penyisihan hingga 99,6.

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Wastewater from tofu industry is one of water pollution sources that still require more effective treatment. This study aim to treat wastewater from tofu industry through a combination of coagulation flocculation and ultrafiltration processes. Coagulation flocculation is conducted prior to ultrafiltration process to minimize the effect of fouling on membrane and to improve the performance of ultrafiltration process. Poly aluminum chloride PAC was used as coagulant with doses of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm. The wastewater feed has pH, total dissolved solid TDS, total suspended solids TSS, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand in the ranges of 3.8-4, 850-880 mg L, 380-420 mg L, 450-530 FAU and 5600-6600 mg L, respectively. Experimental results showed that the effectiveness of coagulation increased with the addition of coagulant dose until the optimum dose is reached. After coagulation flocculation process, COD, TSS, and turbidity decreased, whereas TDS increased. The optimum dose of the coagulation flocculation process was then used for a combination of coagulation flocculation and ultrafiltration processes.

The results shows that optimum coagulation condition was achieved at 300 ppm of PAC dosage and yields 45.7 of TSS penyisihan, 44.8 of turbidity penyisihan and 26.5 of COD penyisihan, while the optimum pressure of ultrafiltration was achieved at 1.5 bar and yields penyisihan of COD by 75.5, penyisihan of TSS by 99.7, penyisihan of TDS by 41.7 and penyisihan of turbidity by 97.7, as for the BOD parameter yields 99.6 penyisihan by doing the ultrafiltration process twice."

"Perkembangan industri batik tidak diimbangi dengan pengolahan limbah yang memadai. Sebagian besar penghasil batik membuang langsung limbah cairnya ke perairan tanpa mengolahnya terlebih dahulu. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan upaya pengolahan limbah batik menggunakan metode filtrasi dengan mengevaluasi pengaruh variasi konsentrasi bahan membran dan tekanan umpan terhadap kemampuan penyisihan pengotor. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan preparasi membran flat sheetberbahan polisulfon dengan pelarut N-metil-2-pirrolidon atau NMP dan aditif polivinilpirolidon (PVP). Membran yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi menggunakan uji SEM, FTIR, dan sudut kontak. Membran dipreparasi dengan komposisi PSf dan PVP masing-masing 7,35 gram dan 0,15 gram untuk membran PSf/PVP0,15; 7,25 gram dan 0,25 gram untuk membran PSf/PVP0,25; dan 7,15 gram dan 0,35 gram untukPSf/PVP0,35; dengan pelarut NMP sebanyak 42,5 mL. Proses filtrasi membran dilakukan dengan variasi tekanan umpan 4, 5, 6, dan 7 bar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan membran PSf/PVP0,25memiliki jumlah pori terbanyak dan memiliki sifat paling hidrofilik dengan sudut kontak 50o. Filtrasi membran menunjukkan hasil bahwa semakin rendah tekanan, semakin tinggi persentase rejeksi sedangkan pengaruh komposisi membran berbeda-beda untuk tiap parameter. Dengan tekanan 4 bar, membran PSf/PVP0,25memiliki rejeksi COD dan warna tertinggi sebesar masing-masing 61,73% dan 61,16%; sedangkan membran PSf/PVP0,35memiliki rejeksi TDS dan konduktivitas tertinggi sebesar masing-masing 49,43%.Variasi tekanan umpan dan komposisi membran tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap penyisihan TSS dan perubahan pH permeat.

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The development of the batik industry is not matched by adequate waste treatment. Most batik producers dispose of their liquid waste directly into the waters without processing it first. In this research an attempt was made to treat batik waste using a filtration method by evaluating the effect of variations in membrane material concentration and feed pressure on the ability of impurity removal. In this study, a flat sheet membrane made from polysulfone was prepared with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or NMP solvent and polyvinylpirolidone (PVP) additive. The resulting membrane was characterized using SEM, FTIR, and contact angletests. Membranes were prepared with PSf and PVP compositions of 7.35 grams and 0.15 grams for the PSf/PVP0,15 membrane; 7.25 grams and 0.25 grams for the PSf/PVP0,25membrane; and 7.15 grams and 0.35 grams for the PSf/PVP0,35 membrane; with NMP as much as 42.5 mL. The membrane filtration process is carried out with feed pressure variations of 4, 5, 6, and 7 bars. The results showed the PSf/PVP0,25membrane has the highest number of pores and has the most hydrophilic properties with a contact angle of 50o. Membrane filtration shows results that the lower the pressure, the higher the rejection percentage, while the effect of membrane composition vary with each parameter. With a pressure of 4 bar, the PSf/PVP0,25membrane has the highest COD and color content rejection of 61.73% and 61.16% respectively while the PSf/PVP0,35membrane has the highest TDS rejection and conductivity of 49.43% and 48.57%, respectively. Varying the feed pressure and membrane composition did not have a significant effect on TSS removal and permeate pH changes.

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"Produksi tahu di Indonesia menghasilkan limbah cair membentuk emulsi dan lebih pekat dibanding limbah tempe karena adanya proses penggilingan kedelai menjadi bubur, bersifat asam akibat penambahan asam saat penggumpalan tahu, dan berbau. Limbah cair tahu dapat diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme air, namun hal ini akan mengakibatkan berkurangnya kadar oksigen terlarut dalam air dan menimbulkan dampak terhadap ekosistem dan lingkungan sehingga masih membutuhkan metode pengolahan yang lebih efektif.Penelitian ini mengombinasikan ultrafiltrasi membran polisulfon dan osmosis balik dengan pretreatment berupa proses koagulasi-flokulasi dengan koagulan tawas. Proses koagulasi-flokulasi dilakukan dengan variasi dosis koagulan 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, dan 800 ppm, proses ultrafiltrasi dengan variasi tekanan umpan 0,5 bar, 1 bar, 1,5 bar, dan 2 bar, sedangkan osmosis balik dilakukan dengan variasi tekanan umpan 4 bar, 5 bar, dan 6 bar. Limbah cair tahu memiliki karakteristik pH 3-5, TSS 600-1200 mg/L, kekeruhan 800-1400 FAU, TDS 1200-1600 mg/L, COD 5000-8000 mg/L, dan BOD 4600 mg/L.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa koagulasi-flokulasi yang optimal terjadi pada dosis tawas 300 ppm dengan hasil penyisihan TSS sebesar 82%, ultrafiltrasi optimal terjadi pada tekanan 0,5 bar dengan penyisihan TSS 93,6%, TDS 88%, kekeruhan 92,4%, dan COD 95,1%, serta osmosis balik optimal terjadi pada tekanan umpan dengan penyisihan TSS 100%, TDS 99%, kekeruhan 100%, dan COD 98,8%, di mana persentase penyisihan BOD total adalah 99,6%.

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Tofu industry in Indonesia produces wastewater as its byproduct, which forms emulsion and more concentrated than tempeh wastewater as a result of soybean grinding process to form solid soy pulp, morevover it has acidic properties for its coagulation process with acid coagulant. Tofu wastewater can be degraded by water microorganism with reducing dissolved oxygen level in water as a drawback, and eventually impacts the environment.

This study aims to process tofu wastewater by combining ultrafiltration by polysulfone membrane and reverse osmosis with coagulation-flocculation by aluminum sulfate as pretreatment. Coagulation-flocculation was conducted with coagulant dose of 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, and 800 ppm, while ultrafiltration was conducted with feed pressure variation of 0,5 bar, 1 bar, 1,5 bar, and 2 bars, and reverse osmosis was conducted with feed pressure variation of 4 bars, 5 bars, and 6 bars. Tofu wastewater feed has characteristics of pH value of 3-4, TSS 600-1200 mg/L, turbidity 800-1400 FAU, TDS 1200-1600 mg/L, COD 5000-8000 mg/L, and BOD 4600 mg/L.

Experimental result showed that optimum coagulation-flocculation occured at aluminum sulfate dose of 300 ppm with TSS rejection  of 82%, optimum ultrafiltration occured at 0,5 bar feed pressure with rejection value of TSS 93,6%, TDS 88%, turbidity 92,4%, and COD 95,1%, as well as optimum reverse osmosis occured at 6 bars feed pressure with rejection value of TSS 100%, TDS 99%, turbidity 100%, and COD 98,8%, where overall BOD rejection was 99,6%."

"Teknologi membran saat ini sudah banyak diaplikasikan untuk mengolah limbah berbagai industri, salah satunya dapat industri tahu. Namun di Indonesia, pengolahan limbah industri tahu masih menggunakan metode konvensional dan belum memenuhi baku mutu pemerintah, sehingga dibutuhkan metode pengolahan yag lebih efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan preparasi serta menguji kinerja membran polisulfon dengan proses filtrasi untuk pengolahan limbah cair industri tahu. Penelitian ini diawali oleh preparasi membran polisulfon (PSf) dengan pelarut n-metil-2-pirolidon (NMP) dan aditif polivinilpirolidon (PVP) dengan metode inversi fasa dan teknik imersi presipitasi, dengan variasi massa PVP sebanyak 0,15 gram; 0,25 gram; dan 0,35 gram. Membran yang telah dipreparasi kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan SEM, FTIR, serta sudut kontak. Limbah cair tahu sebagai umpan filtrasi telah melalui proses pre-treatment dengan metode koagulasi-flokulasi. Kemudian limbah umpan tersebut difiltrasi menggunakan membran PSf/NMP/PVP dengan variasi umpan 4, 5, 6, dan 7 bar. Penambahan konsentrasi PVP meningkatkan porositas dan hidrofilisitas, namun penambahan PVP yang berlebihan akan meningkatkan viskositas membran sehingga membuat membran menjadi lebih padat. Hal ini yang menyebabkan fluks air dan fluks permeat mengalami kenaikan pada membran PSf/NMP/PVP0,15 dan PSf/NMP/PVP0,25 namun namun menurun pada PSf/NMP/PVP0,35. Rejeksi COD dan TDS yang dihasilkan pada penelitian berkisar antara 8,3% hingga 60,53% dan 4,77% hingga 28,57%; sedangkan rejeksi TSS dan kekeruhan yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 16,67% hingga 75% dan 8,3% hingga 75%; dan pH berkisar antara 7,28 hingga 7,58......Membrane technology nowadays is applied for wastewater treatment in multiple industries, one of them is the tofu industry. However in Indonesia, tofu industrial wastewater treatment still uses the conventional method that has yet to meet the government’s quality standards, so a more effective treatment method is needed. This research aimed to prepare and examine the performance of polysulfone (PSf) membrane using n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) additive according to phase inversion method by immersion precipitation technique, with PVP mass variation of 0,15; 0,25; and 0,35 grams. Membrane that has been prepared is then characterized by undergoing several tests of SEM, FT-IR, and contact angle. First, tofu wastewater as feed has been through the pre-treatment process using coagulation-flocculation method. The feed is then filtrated using prepared PSf/NMP/PVP membranes with pressure variation of 4, 5, 6, and 7 bars. The addition of PVP concentrations increases porosity and hydrophilicity, but the excessive addition of PVP will increase membrane viscosity thereby making the membrane denser. This is what causes the water flux and permeate flux to increase in PSf/NMP/PVP0,15 and PSf/NMP/PVP0,25 membranes but decrease in PSf/NMP/PVP0,35 membrane. The COD and TDS rejection percentages resulted in this research ranged from 8,3% up to 60,53% and 4,77% up to 28,57%; the TSS dan turbidity rejection percentages ranged from 16,67% up to 75% and 8,3% up to 75%, meanwhile the pH varies from 7,28 to 7,58."

"Biomassa alga hijau telah diketahui mempunyai kemampua uk menyerap ionion logam berat seperti Cd2+. Namun kemampuan alga dalam menyerap ion logam berat dibatasi oleh beberapa kelemahan seperti mudah rusak karena degradasi oleh mikroorganisme dan oleh asam, ukurannya yang sangat kecil, dan berat jenisnya yang rendah. Untuk mengatasinya maka dilakukan immobil pada suatu material atau zat agar alga hijau tersebut mempunyai ketahanan fisik yang baik serta meningkatkan kemampuannya dalam mengadsorpsi logam berat Cd2+. Untuk tujuan tersebut penulis melakukan immobilisasi alga hijau pada polisulfon agar diperoleh struktur yang lebih stabil, selain itu polisulfon juga telah diketahui mempunyai kemampuan adsorpsi yang serupa. Kombinasi antara alga hijau dan polisulfon diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan adsorpsinya. Untuk itu dilakukan variasi-variasi percobaan untuk optimasi adsorpsinya. Biomassa alga hijau, biomassa alga hijau terimmobilisasi, serta polisulfon yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pH optimumnya adalah antara pH 7 hingga pH10 dengan waktu kontak antara 120 hingga 180 menit dan konsentrasi logam hingga 20 ppm. Temu balik ion logam Cd2+ dilakukan dengan menggunakan variasi konsentrasi HNO3 serta lamanya waktu kontak. ......Biomass of green algae sp has been known to have the ability to adsorb heavy metal ions such asCd2+. However, the ability of algae to adsorb heavy metal ions is limited by some disadvantages such aseasily damaged due to degradation by microorganisms and by the acid, very small size, and the density is low. To handle the disadvantages, green algae immobilized on a material or substance to have good physical endurance and improve its ability to adsorb heavy metals Cd2+. For this purpose the authors immobilized green algae on the polysulfonein order to obtain a more stable structure, other than polysulfone has also been known to have similar adsorption capacity. The combination of green algaeand polysulfone are expected to increase the adsorption capacity. For that variation of experiments is carried out for optimization of adsorption. Biomass of green algae, immobilized green algae biomass, and polysulfone produced were characterized using FTIR. From the results showed that the optimum pH is between pH 7 to pH10 with the contact time between 120 to 180 minutes and the concentration of metalsup to 20ppm. The recovery of themetalions Cd2+is done by using a variation of HNO3 concentration and duration of contact time."