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"Studies on insect pollinator ecology and dynamics are very rarely carried out in traditional Indian agriculture landscapes. Indiscriminate landscape changes in the rural areas and tendencies towards crop monocultures can have significant effects on pollinator habitats and effectiveness. This study was aimed at observing insect pollinators, their visitation frequencies and timings on monsoon cucurbit crops such as Cucumis sativus L., C. pubescens Willd., Momordica charantia L., Trichonsanthes anguina L. and Luffa acutangula L. (Roxb.), in a coastal Karnataka Village.  This study was also aimed at covering the significance of the surrounding landscape elements in sustaining pollinator elements. Bees, such as Apis dorsata, A. cerana and Trigona sp., were major visitors on all cucurbits, except snake gourd which was pollinated mainly by lepidopterans. Insect species were found to partition floral resources of any given crops between them by minimal overlapping in their visitation timings. Natural elements of the landscape around, mainly a village forest and rocky savanna furnished habitats for bees and lepidopterans. Prolifically blooming monsoon herbs on lateritic plateaus, by providing nectar resources for pollinators, presumably play key role in making the case study village well known for monsoon vegetables."

"The pollination biology of North American orchids brings together, for the first time, a comprehensive treatment of this information for all native and introduced North American orchids found north of Mexico and Florida. It provides detailed information on genetic compatibility, breeding systems, pollinators, pollination mechanisms, fruiting success, and limiting factors for each species. Distribution, habitat, and floral morphology are also summarized. In addition, detailed line drawings emphasize orchid reproductive organs and their adaptation to known pollinators.This, the first of two volumes, furnishes a brief introduction to the general morphology of the orchid flower and the terminology used to describe orchid breeding systems and reproductive strategies. It treats the lady’s-slippers of genus cypripedium, subfamily cypripedioideae, and nine genera of the subfamily orchidoideae, including the diverse rein orchids of genus platanthera."

"Mimicry is a classic example of adaptation through natural selection. The traditional focus of mimicry research has been on defense in animals (protective mimicry), but there is now also a highly developed and rapidly growing body of research on floral mimicry in plants. Being literally rooted to one spot, plants generally have to use food bribes to cajole animals into acting as couriers for their pollen. Plants that lack these food rewards often deploy elaborate color and scent signals in order to mimic food sources, oviposition sites, or mating partners of particular animals, and thereby exploit these animals for the purposes of pollination. This book addresses the question of whether the evolutionary and ecological principles that were developed for protective mimicry in animals also apply to floral mimicry in plants. Visual, olfactory, and tactile signals can all be important in floral mimicry systems. The traditional focus has been on visual cues, but there is increasing evidence that some forms of mimicry, notably sexual and oviposition-site mimicry, are largely based on chemical cues. The molecular basis for these signals, their role in cognitive misclassification of flowers by pollinators, and the implications of these signals for plant speciation are among the topics covered in the book. The chapters of this book are designed to highlight particular systems of floral mimicry and to integrate them into the broader theory of mimicry."

"Makanan memiliki peran yang amat penting dalam kehidupan manusia, termasuk di antaranya dalam konteks diplomasi. Dalam hubungan internasional, relevansi makanan telah berkembang dari semata-mata sebagai sumber daya kekuatan tradisional menjadi sumber pengaruh yang berbasis unsur budaya. Meningkatnya kesadaran akan pentingnya soft power lantas mendorong aktor negara untuk menerapkan diplomasi publik guna mencapai kepentingan nasionalnya. Hal tersebut lantas mendorong kemunculan dan berkembangnya narasi diplomasi makanan dalam tataran akademis. Tinjauan literatur ini berupaya untuk memetakan literatur akademis mengenai diplomasi makanan dan menggambarkan ragam pandangan yang terlihat dari poin-poin perdebatan dan konsensus. Pemetaan literatur dilakukan dengan metode taksonomi yang membagi pokok bahasan menjadi tiga tema besar, yakni konseptualisasi, inisiatif aktor masyarakat transnasional, dan peran aktor negara dalam diplomasi makanan. Penulis memperoleh kesimpulan bahwa diplomasi makanan merupakan instrumen penyebaran pengaruh yang cukup signifikan baik diinisiasi oleh aktor transnasional maupun aktor negara. Penggunaan diplomasi makanan diprediksi akan terus berkembang pada tahun-tahun berikutnya dan menjadi instrumen yang semakin relevan dalam kebijakan luar negeri serta upaya pembangunan citra di level internasional.

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Food has always played an essential role in human life, and this is no less true in the context of diplomacy. In International Relations, the relevance of food has evolved from being solely a source of traditional power to a source of influence based on cultural elements. The growing awareness of the importance of soft power has encouraged state actors to implement public diplomacy in order to achieve their national interests. This has led to the emergence and development of food diplomacy narratives at the academic level. This literature review seeks to map the academic literature on food diplomacy and illustrate the range of views that emerge from points of debate and consensus. Literature mapping was carried out using a taxonomic method which divided the subject matter into three major themes: conceptualization, initiatives by transnational actors, and the role of state actors in food diplomacy. The author concludes that food diplomacy is a significant instrument for spreading influence, both initiated by transnational actors and state actors. The use of food diplomacy is predicted to continue to grow in the following years and become an increasingly relevant instrument in foreign policy as well as attempts to build image at the international level."

"Pemahaman tentang sistem penyerbukan merupakan hal penting dalam program pemuliaan Rubus. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memahami biologi reproduksi pada Rubus dan kemudian memperoleh informasi mengenai kemungkinan terjadinya inkompatibilitas pada persilangan sendiri (self-compatibility) maupun persilangan antar jenis Rubus (interspecific compatibility). Sebanyak 10 spesies Rubus diantaranya R. alceifolius, R. chrysophyllus, R. fraxinifolius, R. lineatus, R. moluccanus, R. pyrifolius, R. rosifolius, Rubus sp. (blackberry), dan Rubus sp. (Raspberry) diamati polennya melalui pengukuran viabilitas, perkecambahan, dan ukuran polen. Sembilan spesies Rubus diamati perkembangan dan morfologi bunganya, kemudian dilakukan persilangan lengkap full diallel. Hasil polen menunjukkan viabilitas polen Rubus bervariasi antara 59,68% sampai 98,12%, dan ukuran polen yang berbeda-beda tergantung spesiesnya. Pengamatan perkembangan dan morfologi bunga menunjukkan keragaman karakteristik bunga yang ditunjukkan pada pistil, stamen, bentuk torus, dan perbedaan waktu tahapan perkembangan bunga masing-masing spesies. Keragaman polen dan morfologi bunga pada Rubus diduga berpengaruh terhadap tipe penyerbukan dan kemampuan bersilangnya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dilakukan pengamatan kompatibilitas persilangan. Hasil menunjukkan seluruh spesies Rubus kompatibel menyerbuk sendiri dan kompatibel menyerbuk dalam spesies, namun demikian hanya spesies R. ellipticus, R. fraxinifolius, R. rosifolius, dan Rubus sp (blackberry) yang memiliki kompatibilitas interspesifik. Korelasi yang signifikan ditunjukkan antara variabel persilangan dengan variabel morfologi bunga dan viabilitas polen. Kompatibilitas persilangan interspesifik diduga dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik (sporophytic dan gametophytic incompatibility).

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Understanding mechanisms of pollination are fundamental to the Rubus breeding program. The study was conducted to understand the reproductive biology of Rubus and to obtain information about the possibility of self-compatibility and interspecific compatibility on Rubus. Pollen observed sections were carried out on ten species of Rubus (R. alceifolius, R. chrysophyllus, R. fraxinifolius, R. lineatus, R. moluccanus, R. pyrifolius, R. rosifolius, Rubus sp. (blackberry), and Rubus sp. (Raspberry) pollen by measuring the pollen viability, germination, and pollen size. Flower development and morphology sections were carried out on nine species of Rubus flower. Furthermore, a complete cross with a full diallel was performed. Pollen results showed that the viability of Rubus pollen varied from 59.68% to 98.12%, and the pollen size varied depending on the species. Observations of flower development and morphology showed the variation of flower characteristics shown in the pistil, stamen, torus shape, and the different time stages of flower development of each species. Variations of pollen and flower morphology in Rubus are assumed to affect the type of pollination and the crossing ability. Based on these assumptions, observations of cross-compatibility were carried out. The results show that all Rubus species are self-compatible and intraspecific-compatible; however, only species R. ellipticus, R. fraxinifolius, R. rosifolius, and Rubus sp. (blackberry) have interspecific compatibility. There were significant correlates among pollination, flower, and pollen variable. The interspecific compatibility was thought to be influenced by a genetic factor (sporophytic dan gametophytic incompatibility)."